Garman- CV1: Intro CV

Question 1

Which part has largest volume distribution of blood in CV system?

Answer 1

Veins (64% or 2/3 or blood)

Question 2

Where is the most resistance met in vascular system?

Answer 2

Small arteries and arterioles (47%)

Capillaries (27%)

Question 3

How long does it take for blood to make complete circuit?

Answer 3

1 minutes (5L of blood/5L of minute)

Question 4

Which organ take largest flow of blood at rest?

Answer 4

Liver and GI trat (Q=24%) and 
skeletal muscle (21%)
Kidney (21%)

Question 5

What is another name for the high-pressure system in CV system?

Answer 5

Supply function

Question 6

What is another name for low-pressure system in CV circuit?

Answer 6

Reservoir function

Question 7

Which area takes highest amount of oxygen consumption (VO2)?

Answer 7

Liver/GI tract (24%)
Skeletal muscle (27%)

Question 8

Why does the kidney take a lot of blood, but not utilize much oxygen consumption?

Answer 8

Kidney cleans blood but does not extract much oxygen from blood

Question 9

How do we direct blood from one tissue to another?

Answer 9

Manipulate size of arterioles/small arteries

Question 10

How much time spent in veins at rest?

Answer 10

38 seconds (most time)

Question 11

How much time spent in capillaries at rest?

Answer 11

3 seconds

Question 12

How much time spent in heart at rest?

Answer 12

4 seconds

Question 13

How much time spent in large arteries at rest

Answer 13

4 seconds

Question 14

How much time spent in small arteries at rest?

Answer 14

5 seconds

Question 15

How much time spend in lungs at rest

Answer 15

5 seconds

Question 16

How much blood do we typically pump in exercise?

Answer 16

25 L/minutes

Question 17

How does flow through organs change during exercise?

Answer 17

Heart increases flow
GI decreases flow
Skeletal increases flow a lot
Renal decrease flow 50%

Question 18

Where is base of heart?

Answer 18

Flattened superior portion

Question 19

Where is apex of heart?

Answer 19

Inferior tip, directed downwar and to the left

Question 20

What is the pericardium?

Answer 20

Double walled sac that covers heart

Formed from visceral pericardium and parietal pericardium

Question 21

What is pericardial cavity?

Answer 21

Formed between visceral and parietal pericardium

Question 22

What is endocardium

Answer 22

Areolar tissue and endothelium. Continuous with blood vessel

Question 23

What makes up myocardium

Answer 23

Cardiac muscle cells

Connective tissues

Question 24

What makes up parietal pericardium?

Answer 24

Dense fibrous layer
Areolar tissue
Mesothelium

Question 25

What makes up epicardium (visceral pericardium)

Answer 25

mesothelium (simple squamous cell) | areaolar tissue

Question 26

How does heart muscle contract? (motion)

Answer 26

Wraps in spiral shape

Question 27

Pathway of blood flow through heart

Answer 27

Blood from systemic circuit --> venae vacae and coronary sinus--> RA--> RV via tricuspid--> pulmonary trunk via pulmonary valve--> pulmonary capillaries--> alveolar capillaries--> pulmonary veins--> LA --> LV via mitral valve--> Aorta via aortic valve--> blood to systemic circuit

Question 28

Heart is a ___ pump

Answer 28

double (systemic and pulmonary circulation)

Question 29

How to calculate CO?

Answer 29

HR x SV

Question 30

What is referred to as systemic circulation?

Answer 30

Left heart--> aorta-->tissues

Question 31

What is referred to as pulmonary circuilation?

Answer 31

Right heart--> pulmonary arteries--> lungs

Question 32

What receives deoxygenated blood from tissues?

Answer 32

Right atrium

Question 33

What delivers deoxygenated blood to lungs?

Answer 33

Right ventricle

Question 34

What receives oxygenated blood from lungs?

Answer 34

Left atrium

Question 35

What delivers oxygenated blood to tissues?

Answer 35

Left ventricle

Question 36

What are the "great vessels"

Answer 36

Pulmonary trunk, right and left pulmonary arteries, right and left pulmonary veins, aorta, inferior and superior vena cava

Question 37

What are the 2 AV valves?

Answer 37

Tricuspid, bicuspid valve

Question 38

What are the 2 semilunar valves?

Answer 38

Pulmonic and aortic valves

Question 39

What is structure of AV valves?

Answer 39

2-3 cusps

Question 40

What is structure of semilunar valves?

Answer 40

3 Crescent shaped cups

Question 41

What is normal pacemaker of heart?

Answer 41

SA node

Question 42

What is route of conduction?

Answer 42

SA node--> internodal pathways--> AV node (delay)--> His-purkinje system--> ventricular myocardium

Question 43

Why is there a delay in AV node?

Answer 43

To allow atria to contract

Question 44

3 Facts for arteries?

Answer 44

- Delivery of blood under high pressure - Thicker walled - No valves

Question 45

Types of arteries?

Answer 45

Elastic arteries, muscular arteries, arterioles

Question 46

3 facts veins?

Answer 46

- Collection of blood under low pressure - Thinner walled - Valves to faciliatate blood return to heart

Question 47

Types veins?

Answer 47

Large veins Medium veins Venules

Question 48

What influences MAP?

Answer 48

Cardiac output, peripheral resistance

Question 49

What influences pulse pressure?

Answer 49

Stroke volume, arterial compliance

Question 50

What affects arterial pressure?

Answer 50

CO, SV, arterial compliance, peripheral resistance

Question 51

Formula MAP?

Answer 51

sbp+ 2 dbp/3

Question 52

Where is largest variation in pressure in circulation?

Answer 52

LV (120/0)

Question 53

Range of pressure in aorta?

Answer 53

120/80

Question 54

Range of pressure in large arterioles?

Answer 54

120-70ish

Question 55

Rnage of pressure in RV?

Answer 55

25/0

Question 56

Range of pressure in pulmonary arteries?

Answer 56

25/7

Question 57

What is pressure?

Answer 57

Force/area Expressed in mmHg or Torr (1 mmHg= 1 Torr)

Question 58

Equation for pulse pressure?

Answer 58

Systolic-diastolic

Question 59

What is equation for MAP?

Answer 59

SBP +2 DBP/3

Question 60

What is flow?

Answer 60

Volume/time (mL/min or L/min)

Question 61

Equation for CI?

Answer 61

CO/m2 ( m2= surface area)

Question 62

Equation for stroke index (SI)

Answer 62

SV/m2

Question 63

Equation for flow?

Answer 63

Q= (P1-P2)/R

Question 64

Normal resting CO?

Answer 64

5L/MIN

Question 65

Normal HR

Answer 65

70 BPM

Question 66

Normal SV

Answer 66

70 mL/beat

Question 67

What is resistance?

Answer 67

Impedance to flow | mmHg/mL/min

Question 68

Equation for poiseuille's law?

Answer 68

R= viscosity (nu)X L x 8/ pi*r^4

Question 69

Why is greatest resistance in arterioles

Answer 69

Small radius of vessel

Question 70

What is relationship between velocity of blood flow and cross-sectional area?

Answer 70

Inverse

Question 71

Why is velocity so low in capillaries

Answer 71

Blood needs to be slowed for nutrient exchange

Question 72

What does tubulent blood flow do to pressure gradient?

Answer 72

Increases pressure gradient required to produce flow

Question 73

What is pulmonary cpaillary wedge pressure a appoximation of?

Answer 73

LV end-diastolic pressure

Question 74

What does PCWP reflect?

Answer 74

PV, LA pressure, preload of LV

Question 75

Which CO curve has the highest peak? High or low CO

Answer 75

Low Co. The lower the peak, the higher the CO because cold fluid is leaving the heart quicker, causing a quick decline in temperature.

Question 76

What is equation for fick principle?

Answer 76

CO= O2 consumption/ (A-V)o2

Question 77

What is gold standard of CO?

Answer 77

TEE

Question 78

How do we measure CO in TEE?

Answer 78

Velocity*area

Question 79

Which is less invasive, TEE or PA catheter?

Answer 79

TEE

Question 80

What technique is used to determine blood velocity in TEE?

Answer 80

Doppler technique