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Physio Test 2 > Bowman- Physiology of CNS > Flashcards

Bowman- Physiology of CNS Flashcards

1
Q

What is general functions of CNS

A

Patterns of action potentials encode information leading to:

  • Sensory perception
  • Information processing, integration and storage
  • Motor and behavior
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2
Q

What is white matter?

A

High density of myelin covering axon pathways (few neurons)

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3
Q

What is gray matter?

A

High density of neurons and denddrites (axons are present)

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4
Q

What is a nucleus?

A

Cluster of neurons within CNS

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5
Q

What is ganglion?

A

Cluster of neurons outside of CNS

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6
Q

What is a tract

A

Axons within CNS that travel as a group (name based on region of origin and termination)

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7
Q

What is a pathway?

A

Similar to tract but relates more to synaptically connected neurons performing a function

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8
Q

What is neuroglia?

A

“Glue” that holds CNS together.

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9
Q

What do astrocytes do?

A

Help to maintain extracellular environment in CNS, in normal conditions and in response to damage.

  • Cell body with several main branches
  • Astrocyte processes contact neurons and surround synaptic endings
  • Contact capillaries and connective tissue at surface of CNS, the pia mater.
  • Take up K and neurotransmitter substances, which they metabolize, degrade or recycle.
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10
Q

What do oligodendroglia do?

A
  • Produce myelin in CNS; increase speed of conduction
  • single oligodendrocyte will myelinate multiple axons in CNS
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11
Q

What do microglia DO?

A

latent phagocytes in CNS

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12
Q

What do ependymal cells do?

A

Line ventricles and CSF production (CNS)

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13
Q

What are satellite cells/

A

Similar to astrocytes but in PNS

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14
Q

What are schwann cells?

A

Slimilar to oligodendrocytes but in PNS. Will only myelinate single axon in PNA

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15
Q

Inhibitory inputs to neuron tend to be more on the ___ ____

A

Cell body

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16
Q

Excitatory neurons tend to be more on ____

A

dendrites

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17
Q

The axon hillock has a high concentration of which type of channel?

A

VG Na channel

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18
Q

Types of neuron cell types?

A

Unipolar

Pseudounipolar (sensory neurons)

Bipolar (interneuron)

Multipolar (classic neuron)

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19
Q

What is point of axonal transport?

A

Transport substances up or down neuron. Like a guidewire in axon.

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20
Q

What is kinesin?

A

Performs anterograde axonal transport, powered by ATP. (transport from soma toward axonal terminals)

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21
Q

What is dynein?

A

Axonal transport in retrograde direction. Takes synaptic vesicle membrane to soma for lysosomal degradation

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22
Q

What does myelination do?

A
  • Greater conduction velocity
  • increases effective membrane resistance (lenght constant)
  • Decreases capacitance
  • Restricts AP generation to nodes of ranvier
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23
Q

What are benefits of myelination?

A
  • Fast reflexes
  • Complex mental processing
  • Metabolic advantage
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24
Q

Relative size a fibers?

A

Largest type. Largest to smallest subtype: alpha, beta, gamma, delta

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25
Q

Relative size b fibers

A

Myelinated 1-3 um

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26
Q

Relative size C fibers

A

unmyelinated fibers 0.1-2.5 um

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27
Q

What are a-alpha fibers responsible for?

A

motor, proprioception

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28
Q

What are a-beta fibers for?

A

motor, touch, pressure

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29
Q

What are a-gamma fibers for?

A

motor, muscle tone

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30
Q

What are a-delta fibers for?

A

Pain, temperature, touch

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31
Q

What are b-fibers for?

A

Preganglionic autonomic

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32
Q

What are c-fibers for?

A

Dull pain, temperature, touch, POSTganglionic autonomic NO MYELIN

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33
Q

What is a type of electrical synaptic signaling?

A

Gap junctions

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34
Q

What is example of chemical synaptic signaling?

A

Neurotransmitter mediated

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35
Q

Types of synaptic signaling?

A
  • Neuron-neuron (classic)
  • Neuron-Glial
  • Extra synaptic (NT can have action at locations distal to original synapse)
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36
Q

What are gap junctions

A
  • Low resistance pathway between cells that allows current to flow directly form one cell to another
  • Allows ecahnge of small molecules b/w cells
  • Fast and BIDIRECTIONAL
  • Regulated by voltage, intracellular pH, Ca_, and G protein-coupled receptors
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37
Q

3 Types chemical synapses?

A

1) Small molecule neurotransmitters
2) neuropepties
3) gaseous tranmitter

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38
Q

How does small-molecule neurotransmitters work?

A

Ach, glutamate, GABA

  • Vesicle transporter concnetrates neurotransmitter into vesicles, fuse with presynaptic cleft and exocytosed to synaptic cleft.
  • NT binds to postsynaptic receptor
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39
Q

How to neuropeptides function?

A
  • Neuropeptide is packaged in cell body and transported to nerve terminal by fast axonal transport
  • Active peptide formed when cleaved from larger polypeptide that contains several neuropepties
  • Present in large, electron-dense vesicles
  • Transported to axonal terminal by axonal streaming, VERY SLOW RATE
  • Relased at neuronal terminals in response to action potentials in same manner as neurotransmitter
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40
Q

What is a neurotransmitter?

A
  • Must be present in presynaptic terminal
  • cell must be able to synthesize the substance
  • -released upon delorazation of presynaptic embmrane
  • Specific receptor on post synaptic membrane (+/- extrasynaptic locations)
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41
Q

Where are non-peptide transmitters/classic NT synthesized?

A

Synthesized and packaged in nerve terminal

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42
Q

Neurotransmitters are synthesized in ___ form while peptide is _____ from larger polypeptide in order to form active peptide.

A

active; cleaved

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43
Q

How are neurotransmitters packaged vs neuropeptides?

A

Neurotransmitters are in smalll, clear vesicles

Neuropeptides in large, elctron-dense vesicles

44
Q

Where are neurotransmitters released? Neuropeptides?

A

Neurotransmitters released into synaptic cleft

Neuropeptides released some distance form postsynaptic cleft. There may be no well-defined synaptic structure

45
Q

How are neurotranmitters actions terminated? Neuropeptides?

A

Neurotransmitters are terminated because of uptake by presynaptic terminals via Na powered active transport

Neuropeptides terminated by proteolysis or diffusing away

46
Q

Comparative lenght of action of neurotransmitters vs neuropeptides

A

Neurotransmitters have short latency and short DOA (msec)

Neuropeptides have longer latency and persist for many seconds

47
Q

What are examples of class I neurotransmitter

A

Acetylcholine

48
Q

What are class II neurotransmitters? (biogenic)

A

Norepi

Epi

Dopamine

Serotonin

Histamine

49
Q

Class III neurotransmitters (Amino acids)?

A

GAMA

Glycine

Glutamate

Aspartate

50
Q

What is substance P?

A

Neuropeptide that sends pain stimulation up to brain from spinal cord

51
Q

What is methionine enkephalin

A

AKA (opioid peptide). Endogenous opioid that binds to opioid receptor and decreases substance P, and decreases opioid modulation, decreasing pain perceived

52
Q

What is gaseous neurotransmitters?

A

Not released from vesicles

Nitric oxide

Carbon monoxide

53
Q

What does nitric oxide do in cells

A

Ca/CAM complex goes to eNOS (endothelial nitric oxide), where it binds with arginine to make nitrous oxide

This causes vasodilation

Occurs in brain and blood vessel

54
Q

What does glutamate stimulate?

A

NMDA, AMPA and metabotropic (Gcoupled protein) receptors

EXCITATORY

55
Q

What is signal for neurotransmitter release?

A

Ca

56
Q

What receptor brings glutamate into vesicles?

A

V-Glut

57
Q

Why is it important to remove glutamate from synaptic cleft?

A
  • Potent neurotoxin that can cause excitotoxicity
    • Can cause lots of Ca into cells signaling apoptosis (cells to die)
58
Q

How is glutamate recycled?

A
  • Speicifc glutamate transporters exist on presynaptic and postsynaptic cell membranes fro reuptake
    • Transport 3 Na, H, and glutamate into cell. K tranported to ECF
  • glial cells can also take up glutamate and convert it to glutamine
    *
59
Q

What does ion flow depend on?

A

Electrochemical gradient of permeant ions

Ix= Gx x (Vm-Ex)

60
Q

What is result of excitatory response?

A
  • Increased Na influx
  • Decreased Cl influx of K efflux
  • Change in receptor exprsesion/enzymatic/metabolic activity (delayed effect)
61
Q

What creates inhibitory response?

A
  • Increased Cl influx or K efflux
    • pre/post synaptic
  • Change in receptor expression or enzymatic/metabolic activity
62
Q

How much does each EPSP change membrane potential? What consequenc does this have?

A

0.5-1 mV

Need multiple excitatory responses in order to elicit action potential

63
Q

How long does each individual EPSP change threshold?

A

<15 ms

64
Q

What is facilitation?

A

Sub-threshold stimulation

65
Q

What is divergence of neuronal circuits?

A

One axon has amplified response downstream

  • One axon can “amplify” signal in same tract
  • Also can diverge into multiple tracts to transmit signal to separate area
66
Q

What is convergence?

A

Gathering of multiple neuron terminals onto a single source

This allows enough spatial and temporal summation so that action potentials can fire

67
Q

What is reciprocal inhibition?

A
  • Type of circuit where excitatory fiber also has limb to inhibit the antagonist muscle
    • i.e- when extend leg, quads need to fire while hamstrings need to relax
68
Q

What is a reverberatory circuit?

A

Output neuron sends collateral nerve fiber back to own dendrites/soma to restimulate itself.

69
Q

Alkalosis ____neuronal excitability

A

increases

70
Q

Acidosis greatly _____ neuronal activity

A

depresses

71
Q

Hypoxia greatly _____ neuronal excitability

A

Decreases

72
Q

What are associated nerves with cerebral cortex?

A

Cranial Nerve I

73
Q

The cerebral cortex is dependent on lower brain regions for what?

A

Wakefulness

74
Q

What are primary functions of cerebral corex?

A
  • Cognition
  • Large memory storehouse
  • Essential for higher level thought (bold= ones mentioned in class)
  • Fine tune lower brain function
  • sensory perception
  • Learning
  • Motor planning and voluntary movement
  • language
75
Q

The 2 hemispheres of cerebral cortex are connected by the __ ___

A

corpus callosum

76
Q
A
77
Q

What is function of frontal lobe responsible?

A
  • Planning and carrying out motor behavior
  • Speech (broca’s area, inferior frontal gyus of dominant hemisphere)
  • “Intellectual activities”
  • Personality and emotional behavior
78
Q

What is function parietal lobe?

A
  • Sensory perception and processing (somatosensory cortex/parietal association cortex)
  • Projections to frontal lobe carrying somatosensory information modulates voluntary motor behavoir
  • Parietal association cortex processes info from occipital lobe to frontal lobe to influence motor heavior
  • Sends somatosensory information fo wernicke’s area
  • Establishment of spatial context
79
Q

What is function of occipital lob?

A
  • Visual perception and processing
  • Projection to frontal eye fields influence motor behavior of eyes
  • Projection to midbrain modulates convergent eye mvmt, pupillary constriction and accommodation
80
Q

What is function of temporal lobe?

A
  • Processing and perception of sound and vestibular info
  • facial recognition
  • optic pathways transverse temporal lobe
  • emotional behavior
  • ANS regulation
  • Learning and memory (hippocampus)
81
Q

What is the supplementary motor area?

A

Cortical motor area in brain. Coordinates bilateral movement

82
Q

What is premotor area?

A

Coordination of multiple muscle groups working to accomplish something (i.e. stabilize arm/shoulder while working with hands)

High concnetration of mirror neurons. Important when watching a new task and then performing task yourself.

83
Q

What is the cingulate motor area?

A

Evoke similar motor cortex stimulation but higher stimulus needed

84
Q

Which region of brian contains highest region of neurons?

A

Cerebellum

85
Q

What cranial nerve is the cerebellum associated with?

A

VIII- vestibulocochlear (hearing/balance)

86
Q

What is primary function of cerebellum?

A
  • Coordination and equilibrium
    • adjust when load changes/door releases when pulling so we don’t fall over
  • Sensory association/language
  • Essential for highly coordinated muscular movement (tennis, talking, typing)
    • motor learning/muscle memory
87
Q

What are basal ganglia primary functions?

A
  • Influences thalamocortical motor inhibition
  • Control of fine motor movements and relative intensity, direction and sequencing of complex movement patterns
88
Q

Where does basal ganglia receive input?

A

Direct input from cerebral cortex and subthalamic nucleus

No input from spinal cord

89
Q

What is lost in basal ganglia with parkinson’s disease?

A

Dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra degenerate. All we have is ACh released unopposed, so lots of involuntary motor movmeents

90
Q

What are primary functions of brainstem?

A
  • Sensation motor control head, nekc, faces
  • input of special senses
  • mediate ANS function (CO, BP, Peristalsis, pupillary constriction)
  • Conduit for ascending and descending motor pathways that carry sensory and motor info
  • Reticular formation receives summary of infothat enters SC and brain stem, filters info
    • is a “light switch” required for upper level brain centers
91
Q

What does the brainstem consist of?

A

Medulla

Pons

Midbrain

92
Q

Which cranial nerves are associated with medulla?

A

CN VIII-XII

Vesibulocochlear (VIII)

Glossopharngeal (IX)

Vagus (X)

Spinal accessory (XI)

Hypoglossal nerve (XII)

93
Q

Primary functions of medulla

A
  • Subconscious CV and respiratoyr control
  • Early relay nuclei in auditory, balance/equilibrium, gustation, head and neck control input
  • Brainstem reflexes
94
Q

What are fucntions of pons?

A
  • Respiratory control
  • Urinary control
  • Motor control
  • sensation motor control face
  • Vental: pontine nuclei relay movement and sensation info from cortex to cerebellum
  • Dorsal: tast and sleep
95
Q

What is cranial nerves associated with pons?

A

V-VIII

Trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulotrochlear

96
Q

What are cranial nerves associated with midbrain?

A

III-IV

oculomotor, trochlear

97
Q

What are functions of the midbrain?

A
  • Acoustic relay and mapping
  • eye movement, lens and pupillary reflex
  • pain modulation (descending pain pathway)
  • Contains nuclei and relay pathways critical for motor coordination (substantia negra)
98
Q

Which cranial nerves are associated with thalamus?

A

II

99
Q

What are functions of thalamus?

A
  • Important “gating” area
    • regulation of cortical activation (Attention and consciousness)
    • Filters what information we want to send to our consciousness
  • Visual input
  • sensory and motor relay/coordination b/w cerebral hemispheres and lower CNS regions
100
Q

What are functions of the hypothalamus?

A
  • Autonomic/endocrine contorl
  • Superchiasmatic nucleus
    • circadian rhythms
  • Motivated behavior
    • reward centers

WILL HEAR LOTS ABOUT IN ENDOCRINE

101
Q

What are primary functions of amygdala

A

Social behvaior

Expression of emotion

102
Q

What is primary function of hippocampus

A

Memory

103
Q

Which nerves are conducted in dorsal root?

A

Sensory

Afferent

104
Q

What nerves travel in ventral root?

A

Motor neurons (efferent)

105
Q

What are functions of spinal cord?

A

Sensory input

reflex circuits

somatic and autonomic motor output

106
Q
A

Physio Test 2 (10 decks)

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