Ganglionic stimulants and blockers

Question 1

ganglionic agents are primarily made from what stimulant

Answer 1

nicotine

Question 2

Only ganglionic drug used

Answer 2

mecamylamine

Question 3

low dose nicotine effects on physiology of human body

Answer 3

stimulator of nicotinic receptor

Question 4

high dose nicotine effects on physiology of human body

Answer 4

Inhibits nicotinic receptor signalling leading to desensitization of receptors

Question 5

What occurs when Nicotine increase at nicotinic receptor sites

Answer 5

increase response then suppresses the signaling from nicotinic receptors

Question 6

Nicotine effects on which nicotinic receptors

Answer 6

• CNS: neuronal brain subtype
• Cardiovascular and GI: subtype in autonomic ganglia
• Muscular subtype in neuromuscular junctions
  ALL NICOTINIC RECEPTORS

Question 7

2 phases of nicotine poisoning

Answer 7

1. Stimulatory phase
2. Depressor phase

Question 8

Stimulatory phase symptoms

Answer 8

-Nausea/vomitting
- sweating
- seizures
-excessive salvation
-headache
-hypertension
-tachycardia
- tremor
- ETC negative impacts

Question 9

Depressor phase symptoms

Answer 9

Basically the opposite
- hypotension
- bradycardia
- respiratory failure
- difficulty breathing
- muscle weakness
- coma
- CNS depression
Diaphragm paralysis

Question 10

green tobacco sickness

Answer 10

nicotine poisoning that occurs while handling tobacco plants. High risk with clothing absorption

Question 11

green tobacco sickness symptoms

Answer 11

Nausea, vomitting, headaches, difficulty sleeping/eating, dizziness
-similar to heat illness and organophosphate posioning

Question 12

fatal dose of nicotine

Answer 12

60mg in a adult

Question 13

what makes nicotine posinoning in the body so difficult to acheive

Answer 13

Nicotine is metabolized very rapidly and inactivated.

Question 14

What drug to give when cardiovascular symptoms arise from nicotine poisoning

Answer 14

Norepinephrine

Question 15

What must be done to a patient if CNS and skeletal muscle symptoms such as respiratory paralysis occur

Answer 15

Give patient artificial ventilation.

Question 16

Forms of nicotine cessation

Answer 16

• gum
• patches
• sprays
• Inhalers

Question 17

Strategy for smoking cessation

Answer 17

gradually decrease doses to wean patients off of addiction

Question 18

vaping uncertanties

Answer 18

-Not sure about long term health effects
- not certain about stopping smoking

Question 19

Define electronic cigarettes

Answer 19

Battery operated devices that heat a nicotine liquid producing a vapor to inhale

Question 20

vaping public health concerns

Answer 20

concerned with vaping becoming a gateway to using other tobacco products like cigarettes

Question 21

first generation vaping products

Answer 21

mimic the shape and size of cigarettes in two versions: disposables and reusables

Question 22

Second generation vaping products

Answer 22

Larger than conventional cigarettes, pen or tank style. stronger, refillable and rechargeable, allowing user to adjust contents

Question 23

Third generation vaping products

Answer 23

allow custom modifications. range of options and flavors. Adjust the heating elements. JUUL

Question 24

Liquid components of vaping product

Answer 24

1. Nicotine (0-36mg/ml)
2. Polyethylene glycol(produces fake smoke)
3. Flavorings (increases youth attractiveness)
4. Metal compounds (tin, lead, nickel, arsenic)

Question 25

Can you die from nicotine poisoning?

Answer 25

Yes

Question 26

Most predominant people for deaths related to nicotine poisoning

Answer 26

Children

Question 27

vaping adverse effects

Answer 27

• No data for long term effects
• vaping can be safer but have toxic chemicals
• pulmonary issues
• device itself can be dangerous
• Burns, battery explodes

Question 28

E-ciggarette or vaping associated lung injury effects (EVALI)

Answer 28

Acute respiratory illness, can be developing into life threatening scenarios. More than 2800 cases, 68 deaths.
- Compromised pulmonary function
- peaked in 2019

Question 29

what is the suspicion regarding E-ciggarette or vaping associated lung injury

Answer 29

People smoking Black market THC containing Vitamin E acetate likely the problem

Question 30

mecamylamine

Answer 30

First effective therapy for hypertension. Reserved for severe hypertension and is the only drug you can get in USA

Question 31

Side effects of mecamylamine

Answer 31

Affects both sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglionic transmission

Question 32

Ganglionic blocking agents function

Answer 32

response determines by which division of ANS is dominant control of various organs

Question 33

physiologic effects of ganglionic blockade

Answer 33

effect of the blockade is the opposite of the autonomic system given for the organ

Question 34

primary determinant factor of the degree of ganglionic blockade

Answer 34

existing sympathetic tone

Question 35

heart rate change in mecamylamine treatment

Answer 35

mild tachycardia with hypotension

Question 36

how does cardiac output change in patients with normal function with mecamylamine treatment

Answer 36

cardiac output is reduced due to venodilation, pooling of blood and reduced venous return

Question 37

What occurs in a heart failure patient with compromised cardiac output with mecamylamine treatment

Answer 37

increased cardiac output due to increased peripheral resistance

Question 38

with mecamylamine treatment In hypertensive patients what occurs

Answer 38

cardiac output is reduced