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reproductive > Gametogenesis > Flashcards

Gametogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

define gametogenesis?

A

the process in which cells undergo meiosis to form gametes.

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2
Q

what determines the sex of the zygote? how many chromosomes do we have?

A

which sperm fuses w/ the ovum to form the zygote

  • es: sperm containing y chromosome> boy*
  • or sperm containing X >girl*
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3
Q

what r primodial germ cells? function?

A

developing gonads r colonised by primodial germ cells!

first recognized in the developing embryo in the WALL of the yolk sac! near the allintois.

the migrate through the developing embryo, migrating towards the gonadoridges.

depends on the type of primordial germ cells which colonize the gonads>> that will determine the sex

once they colonised the gonad, they proliferate via mitosis

then undergo meiosis!

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4
Q

difference btw spermatogenesis and oogenesis

A

feMale only has 400 chances to reproduce

while male nafs confetti, ishkithirr

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5
Q

where does spermatogenesis take place?

A

lumen of semineforus tubules

occuring in btw the gaps of these sertoli cells!

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6
Q

why r tight junctions formed by sertoli cells in the testes important? (2)

A
  1. they seperate the 2 compartments of the testes > Basal compartment & Adluminal .
  2. forms blood testis barrier > the gametes can be recognized as non-self by the males! prevents the membrane antigens of differtiating sperms from escaping into the BS where they would activate an immune response!
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7
Q

what r the 2 compartments of the testis?

why is it important that theu r sepertated by tight junctions?

A

Basal> spermatogonium or germ cells reside (in contact w/ blood)

Adluminal>

the cellular environmet and conditions to maintain our stock of germ cells r different than the cellular conditions that r needed for the differentiation of spermatids into sperm

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8
Q

Vasectomy risks

A

The blood–testes barrier can be damaged by trauma to the testes (including torsion or impact), or surgery or vasectomy.

When the blood–testes barrier is breached, and sperm enters the bloodstream, the immune system mounts an autoimmune response against the sperm,

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9
Q

functions of leydig cells?

A

makes testosterone which help to signal spermatogenesis to occur

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10
Q

when do these processes take place?

A

occur in male AFTER puberty has occured,

up until puberty we have our spermatogonium in a DORMANT stage (just chilling ya know)

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11
Q

difference btw spermatogenesis & spermiogenesis

A

spermatogenesis: is the process where we produce spermatozoa from spermatogonial stem cells by mitosis and meiosis

spermiogenesis: is the final stage of spermatogenesis, which sees the maturation of spermatids into mature, motile spermatozoa

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12
Q

name the raw material’ for spermatogenesis

A

Spermatogonia

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13
Q

2 types of spermatogonium?

A

Ad spermatogonium (“Resting”: reserve stock) not really doing much

Ap spermatogonium (“Active”: renew the stock of germ cells or go through mitosis to maintain the stock)

  • Ad for dark (sitting in a dark place)*
  • Ap for pale*
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14
Q

which types of spermatogonium go on to form gametes?

A

Type B spermatogonium

Following mitosis, the tight junctions of sertoli cells open to allow type B cell to pass into adluminal compartment

(like locks in canal that open to allow boats to pass!)

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15
Q

explain the stages of spermatogenesis

A
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16
Q

Distinguish spermatogenic cycle and wave

A
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17
Q

what is spermiogenesis

A

Each spermatid has the correct chromosomal # for fertilization… but is NONMOTILE

it still needs to undergo a process called spermiogenesis! during which it elongates, sheds it cytoplasmic baggage & forms a tail! on its way down to the lumen

transformation of a spermatid into a functional sperm

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18
Q

spermiation

A

Spermatids released into lumen of seminiferous tubules

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19
Q

when do sperms gain their motility?

A

once theyre in the epididymis!

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20
Q

if sperms gain their motility in the epididymis, then how did they even get their in the first place? (2)

A

via sertoli cells secretions & peristaltic contractions!

(sertoli secretion: testicular fluid pushes them)

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21
Q

which structure on the sperm gives it its motility?

A

Flagellum

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22
Q

which structure on the sperm is important in order to allow the sperm to penetrate the zona pellucida layer on the oocyte?

A

the Acrosome! (helmet)

it contain hydrolytic enzymes that form digestive holes on the zona pellucida!

23
Q

the sperm has to travel along journey, where does it get its energy from

A

Mitochnodria provide energy (ATP) needed for whiplike movemnts of the flagellum tail

24
Q

what r different types semen secretions and where do they occur

which one has the most %?

A
25
Q

motility of the sperm is related to what ion?

A

ZINC

26
Q

function of bulbourethral gland secretions,

another name for this gland is?

A

Also called Cowper gland.

27
Q

what is the final process the sperm goes through so it can finally become fertile!?

A

Sperm capacitation!

removal of its helmet when its in the females

this Allows perm to bind to zona pellucida of oocyte and initiate acrosome reaction

28
Q

what activates sperm capacitation? what is being removed from its membrane?

A

Conditions in female genital tract stimulate it!

Removal of glycoproteins and cholesterol from sperm membrane

29
Q

when does maturation of oocytes occur?

A

b4 birth

the female developed her entire stock of potential gametes BEFORE BIRTH!

30
Q

describe oogenesis, starting from the oogonium

A

they ARREST at Mieosis 1

they dont actually complete it YET,

these cells r called primary oocyte

31
Q

difference btw oogonium and primary oocyte?

A
32
Q

when do u acheive ur Max # of germ cells?

A

Max number germ cells reached by mid gestation

33
Q

when the max # of germ cells has been completed, what happens after

A

Cell death then begins and many oogonia and oocytes degenerate (atresia)

34
Q

By 7th month gestation majority of oogonia have degenerated, what do the ones alive do now?

A

primary oocytes have now entered meiosis 1 (but still arrested in prophase 1) & r individually surrounded by layer of flat epithelial cells called follicular cells >>

now called primordial follicule!

35
Q

when does meiosis 1 continue in women?

A

after they have reached puberty, and will be COMPLETED when the ovum has been fertilized!

36
Q

cells will continue meisos 2 when they have been fertilized by a sperm.

ya3ny 3ady yg3doon 40 or more yrs imba96een maku sh3’l.

A

the cell has been in that arrested state for 40 or more yrs.

this explains why there could be many defects later on with late preganncies

the older the women is when pregnant, the higher the chance of chromosomal abnormalites

37
Q

okay so by the time these oocytes reaches puberty 15-20 oocytes start to mature each month! passing through 3 stages: describe em

A
  1. Preantral
  2. Antral
  3. Preovulatory
38
Q

what happens in preantral stage?

A
39
Q

Antral stage

A
40
Q

Preovulatory stage

A
41
Q

what causes ovulation to occur

A

LH SURGE!!

  • increases collagenase activity
  • theca cells produce proteolytic enzymes
  • local muscular wall contractio in ovarian wall

>>>OOCYTE LEAVES AND BREAKS FROM OVARY!

42
Q

what happens to the theca and granulosa cells that the ooyte left behind in the ovaries?

A
43
Q

how is the oocyte transported out of the ovaries?

& if fertilized, how many days dos it reach the lumen?

A
44
Q

what happens to the Corpus Leuteum,

  • If fertilization occured,
  • if it did not occur?
A
45
Q

which day does ovulation occur?

what hormones peak?

A

14 day!

LH, FSH

46
Q

ovarian cycle sequence of events graph!

describe the phases of the menstrual cycle!

and hormones involved in each phase

A
47
Q

compare oogensis and spermatogenesis

  • products
  • when it starts
  • ends?
  • how many per day produced
A
48
Q

product of oogenesis

A

mature oocyte and 3 polar bodies

49
Q

Which term describes the distance between cells at the same stage of spermatogenesis down the length of the seminiferous tubule?

A

The spermatogenic wave. Note: The Spermatogenic cycle is different from the spermatogenic wave and is defined as time taken for reappearance of the same stage within a given segment of tubule (~16 days in human).

50
Q

Name the 2 daughter cells produced by meiosis 1 in oogenesis.

A

The secondary oocyte and the first polar body (both of which are haploid with 23 chromosomes and 46 chromatids)

51
Q

What is the lifespan of the corpus luteum?.

A

14 days

52
Q

when does crossing over occur in meiosis?

A

Prophase 1

53
Q

how do u get genetic variation?

A
  1. crossing over
  2. independent assortment
  3. Random segregation

reproductive (13 decks)

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