Gall-Formers, Tree Rep. Structures, Wood in Use

Question 1

What does “Gall” mean when referring to Gall-forming insects?

Answer 1

“Tumor-like” growth/swellings of plant tissue.

Question 2

How do Gall-forming insects cause galls?

Answer 2

Enzymes given off by the insect as it grows alter the plant tissue to the point of replication without cell division.

Question 3

Name 3 main gall-forming insects and 3 others.

Answer 3

1. Gall wasps
2. Gall midges
3. Gall mites
4. Aphids
5. Psyllids
6. Gall flies

Question 4

What plants are susceptible to galls from gall-forming insects? How can you tell which insect it is?

Answer 4

• Most plants, mostly ornamental, and on most parts of the plant.
• Gall wasps: Oaks
• Often, characteristics allow us to identify the agent that caused the gall.

Question 5

Name 6 gall-forming insect orders.

Answer 5

1. Hymneoptera
2. Hemiptera
3. Diptera
4. Thysanoptera
5. Coleoptera
6. Lepitdoptera

Question 6

List the 7 structures affected by insects of tree reproductive structures.

Answer 6

1. Pollen
2. Flowers
3. Nuts
4. Cones
5. Fruit
6. Acorns
7. Seeds

Question 7

What damage do insects of tree reproductive structures cause?

Answer 7

• Reduction in available seed (forest setting)

- Reduction in non-wood

Question 8

Name 3 orders of insects of tree reproductive structures.

Answer 8

1. Hemiptera
2. Coleoptera
3. Lepidoptera

Question 9

What order are seed bugs and list 3 characteristics.

Answer 9

• Hemiptera
  1. Seed orchards
  2. Puncture developing pine seed with stylets
  3. Management: contact insecticides

Question 10

What are 2 ways weevils affect tree reproductive structures?

Answer 10

1. Larvae feed on fruits and nuts of broad leaf trees

2. Adults bore, lay eggs

Question 11

What are 4 ways cone beetles affect tree reproductive structures?

Answer 11

1. Infest pine cones
2. Females bore into cone petiole (creating pitch tube)
3. Lay eggs in gallery along length of cone
4. Larvae feed on seed/cone tissue

Question 12

Where is the codling moth from and what are its hosts?

Answer 12

• Native to Europe

- Apples, pears, walnuts, and other fruit trees

Question 13

List 6 management strategies for the codling moth.

Answer 13

1. Cut out damaged portions of fruit
2. Select early - fruiting variety
3. Mechanical - remove infested fruit, bag of fruit
4. Biocontrol (wasp)
5. Phermone traps - monitoring
6. Insecticides

Question 14

What is affected by insects of wood use?

Answer 14

• Lumber in storage or buildings
• Structures
• Furniture

Question 15

Name 3 main insects of wood in use pests.

Answer 15

1. Subterranean termite (Isoptera)
2. Beetles (Coleoptera)
3. Carpenter ants and bees (Hymenoptera)

Question 16

What are 2 characteristics of the subterranean termite?

Answer 16

1. Primary pest of wood in use

2. Cause $2 billion in damage each year

Question 17

Name 2 beetles that are pests of wood in use and what they cause damage to.

Answer 17

1. Powder post beetles: old house borers

2. Deathwatch beetles: cause holes in furniture

Question 18

What damage do carpenter ants and bees cause to wood in use?

Answer 18

• Excavate wood

- Mostly a nuisance