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Winter 2023 - Essential Biomechanics and Kinesiology > Gait-(WK15) > Flashcards

Gait-(WK15) Flashcards

1
Q

Define: gait cycle

A

from IC to IC of same foot.

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2
Q

Define: Stance Phase

A

IC to Pre-Swing; 60% of gait cycle; entire period that foot is on the ground

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3
Q

Define: Swing Phase

A

When foot is in the air; 40% of gait cycle; from IS to TSw

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4
Q

Define: Stride Length

A

distance between IC to IC on same limb

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5
Q

Define: Step Length

A

distance between two successive events on opposite limb

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6
Q

Define: Toe Clearance

A

1.28-1.9 cm is the norm

distance between hallux and floor in swing phase

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7
Q

Define: Step Width

A

7-10cm horizontal distance between two points on opposite limbs

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8
Q

Define: Foot Progression Angle

A

5-7 degrees is the norm

angle between longitudinal axis of foot and line of gait

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9
Q

Define: Gait Speed

A

1.37 M to 1.3 m/sec F

Distance/time in m/sec

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10
Q

Define: Cadence

A

of steps/ minute
M=108
F= 118
steps/minute

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11
Q

At what speed does walking usually turn into running ?

A

at about 4.8-5 mph

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12
Q

Describe the start and stop of each period of the gait cycle: Initial Contact

A

Heel hits the floor

contralateral leg ending terminal stance

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13
Q

Describe the start and stop of each period of the gait cycle: Loading Response

A

initial contact

foot flat; contralateral leg in in pre-swing

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14
Q

Describe the start and stop of each period of the gait cycle: Mid-Stance

A

Foot flat

body over stance limb; contralateral limb in mid-swing

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15
Q

Describe the start and stop of each period of the gait cycle:Terminal Stance

A

midstance

heel off

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16
Q

Describe the start and stop of each period of the gait cycle: Pre-Swing

A

IC ( swing limb)

Toe off ( stance limb)

17
Q

Describe the start and stop of each period of the gait cycle: Initial Swing

A

Toe Off

feet adjacent; contralateral leg in midstance

18
Q

Describe the start and stop of each period of the gait cycle: Mid Swing

A

Feet adjacent

vertical tibia

19
Q

Describe the start and stop of each period of the gait cycle: Terminal Swing

A

vertical tibia

almost IC

20
Q

Write a goal for a patient who has a walking speed of .20m/sec using the MCD or MCID, to improve her speed ( OGA p.6)

A

Patient will increase walking speed to .50 m/sec in the next one month.

21
Q

Describe the center of mass displacement in the sagittal and frontal planes during the gait cycle.

A

sagittal : 1-2 inches of displacement; highest during midstance; lowest during LR and PreSw

Frontal: ~3cm; most during mid-stance

22
Q

How does the LoG differ from the GRF during gait ?

A

LoG is a vertical line to the ground from the CoM most relevant during standing phase in analysis

GRF during gait causes most of the external moments which require internal forces to counteract. The angle of the GRF may change throughout the gait cycle

23
Q

For each period give the GRF, external moment direction, and muscle activity at each major lower body joint: Initial Contact

A

HIP:
GRF: anterior
EM: flexion moment
Muscle: Hip Extensors

KNEE JOINT:
GRF: anterior
EM: Extension
Muscle: vastus muscles

ANKLE JOINT:
GRF: posterior
EM: plantar flexion
Muscle: dorsiflexors

24
Q

For each period give the GRF, external moment direction, and muscle activity at each major lower body joint: Loading Response

A

HIP:
GRF: anterior
EM: flexion
Muscle: Hip Extensors

KNEE JOINT:
GRF: posterior
EM: flexion
muscle: vastus muscles

ANKLE JOINT:
GRF: posterior
EM: PF
Muscle: dorsiflexors

25
Q

For each period give the GRF, external moment direction, and muscle activity at each major lower body joint: Midstance

A

HIP:
GRF: anterior to posterior
EM: flexion to extension
Muscle: None

KNEE JOINT:
GRF: posterior to anterior
EM: flexion to extension
Muscle: Only vasti during flexion moment

ANKLE JOINT:
GRF: anterior
EM: DF
Muscle: Plantar flexors

26
Q

For each period give the GRF, external moment direction, and muscle activity at each major lower body joint: Terminal Stance

A

HIP:
GRF: posterior
EM: Extension
Muscle: none

KNEE JOINT:
GRF: anterior then moves posterior before IC
EM: extension to flexion before IC
Muscle: No muscle activity

ANKLE JOINT:
GRF: anterior
EM: DF
Muscle: plantar flexors

27
Q

For each period give the GRF, external moment direction, and muscle activity at each major lower body joint:PreSw

A

HIP:
GRF: posterior
EM: Decreasing extension
Muscle: adductor longus and rectus femoris

KNEE JOINT:
GRF: posterior
EM: flexion
M: Rectus Femoris

ANKLE JOINT:
GRF: anterior
EM: DF
M: Elastic recoil of plantar flexors

28
Q

For the following rockers give the period of gait, GRF involved, and active or passive structures involved: Heel

A

Period: IC- LR
GRF: posterior PF
Structures: pretibials control PF

29
Q

For the following rockers give the period of gait, GRF involved, and active or passive structures involved: Ankle

A

Period: LR- MS
GRF: anterior DF
PF’s eccentrically control DF

30
Q

For the following rockers give the period of gait, GRF involved, and active or passive structures involved: Forefoot

A

Period: MS-TS
GRF: anterior DF
MTP fulcrum, PF’s

31
Q

For the following rockers give the period of gait, GRF involved, and active or passive structures involved: Toe

A

TS-PreSw
GRF: anterior DF
PF passive recoil

32
Q

Why does toe drag occur in initial swing vs mid-swing

A

initial swing: lack of knee flexion
mid swing: lack of ankle dorsiflexion

33
Q

What muscles are involved in maintaining the medial longitudinal arch during each period of the gait cycle ?

A

TA and TP are eccentrically active during LR
TP is active eccentrically during early MS and concentrically during late MS
TP concentric during TS

34
Q

Compare gait differences between a young child and an older adult

A

child: short steps, uneven step length, IC w flat foot, decreased stride length and cadence

Older adult: decreased velocity, strides, and step length, wide BoS, may need AD.

35
Q

How does an AFO prevent genu recurvatum ?

A

external support would force the knee to flex, accentuating heel rocker, keeps ankle in neutral.

Winter 2023 - Essential Biomechanics and Kinesiology (16 decks)

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