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Unit 15 > Gait Observation > Flashcards

Gait Observation Flashcards

1
Q

Locomotion is the ability to move from one place to another by generating a complex sequence of muscle activations that are _______, ______ and _______

A

stereotypical, repetitive and adaptable

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2
Q

What are the three essential requirements of locomotion?

A

Coordinated muscle activity

Maintain posture

Adaptable to environment and task

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3
Q

where is movement initiated

A

cerebral cortex

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4
Q

how many components form the functional basis for gait?

A

7

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5
Q

Movement is in a response to what?

A

external forces

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6
Q

A complex series of joint rotations that creates a smoth forward progression of COM is what?

A

gait

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7
Q

one gait cycle is from what to what?

A

R IC to R IC

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8
Q

what % of the gait cycle is double limb support?

A

20%

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9
Q

What two periods constitute the 20% of double limb support in the gait cycle

A

loading response: 0-10%

pre-swing: 50-60%

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10
Q

COM moves how much vertically?

horizontally?

A

5cm vertically

4cm horizontally

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11
Q

What would walking without knee flexion due to vertical displacement?

A

double it

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12
Q

runners with hip pain generally have a narrow or wide BOS?

A

narrow, their COM doesn’t move much

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13
Q

TSP stands for what?

A

temporal and spatial

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14
Q

Pros of TSP

A

Easy quantifiable

Qualitative screen

Functional outcome

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15
Q

Normal stride length in cm

A

144

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16
Q

Stride vs. step

A

stride: ipsilateral to ipsilateral

Step: ipsilateral to contralateral

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17
Q

Step width definition and normal distance in cm

A

lateral distance btwn heel centers

8-10cm

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18
Q

Normal foot angle

A

5-7 degrees or seeing lateral three toes

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19
Q

If someone has femoral anteversion, what would you expect to see at their foot angle?

A

Smaller foot angle due to IR hip

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20
Q

If someone has femoral retroversion, what would you expect to see at their foot angle?

A

Larger foot angle due to ER hip

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21
Q

Cadence definition

A

number of steps per minute/step rate

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22
Q

What % of the gait cycle is stance and what % is swing

A

60% stance

40% swing

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23
Q

How do you get how much time was spent in stance?

A

take a stride time (the correct way) and then we know that stance time is 60% of the gait cycle so multiply it by .60

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24
Q

how to get step time

A

take stride time (correct way) and split it in half

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25
Q

Normative times for the following descriptors of gait

Distance in m/min:
Cadence in step/sec and steps/min
Stride time
Step time

A

Distance: 80 m/min

Cadence: 1.87 steps/sec or 110 steps/min

Stride time: 1.1 sec

Step time: .55 sec

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26
Q

What do the objective measures of gait generally lack

A

quality of pattern

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27
Q

what are the two ways that humans increase walking speed

A

1) increase rate/cadence

2) increase step length

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28
Q

Critical component of IC (0%)

A

neutral ankle

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29
Q

Critical component of loading response (0-10%)

A

PF 10 degrees

Knee flexion 15 degrees

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30
Q

Critical component of midstance (10-30%)

A

Tibial advancement in sagittal plane

hip and pelvic control in frontal plane

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31
Q

Critical component of terminal stance (30-50%)

A

Heel rise

Ankle locked at 10% DF

Forward progression over foot

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32
Q

Critical component of pre-swing (50-60)

A

40 degrees of knee flexion

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33
Q

Critical component of initial swing 60-73%)

A

60 degrees of knee flexion

15 degrees of hip flexion

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34
Q

When is hip extension part of a critical component?

A

NEVER

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35
Q

Critical component of mid swing (73-87%)

A

25 degrees of hip flexion

ankle DF to 0

foot 1 cm off floor

36
Q

Critical component of terminal swing (87-100%

A

30 degrees of hip flexion

15 degrees of knee extension

37
Q

How many total degrees of motion in the sagittal plane does the ankle require?

A

30 degrees

10 degrees of DF at midstance
20 degrees of PF at toe off

38
Q

In what part of the gait cycle does the 30 degrees of sagittal motion you need at the ankle come from

A

10 degrees DF in midstance

20 degrees of PF in toe off at pre-swing

(10 degrees of PF at loading for foot flat)

39
Q

pattern of joint motion of the ankle in the sagittal plane

A

rapid PF, DF during forward propulsion all the way through the heel rising at the end of terminal stance (50%) where then it PF again for push off

40
Q

Requirement of knee motion in the sagittal plane

A

60 degrees of knee flexion

41
Q

Where does the 0-60 degrees of knee flexion needed come in the gait cycle

A

0-5 degrees: IC

60 degrees: swing phase

42
Q

What does the graph of the knee joint motion look like?

A

double bump pattern

43
Q

Requirement of hip motion in the sagittal plane

A

40-45

44
Q

Where does the 40-45 degrees of hip motion in the sagittal plane come in the gait cycle

A

10 degrees of hip extension at terminal stance

30-35 degrees of hip flexion at initial contact

45
Q

What is the trend of joint motion look like for the hip in the sagittal plane

A

starts in flexion rapidly moves to extension and then to flexion again

46
Q

How much motion is required of the pelvis in the sagittal plane?

and how do we name this?

A

APT and PPT

6-8 degrees

2-4 degrees of pelvic tilt in each direction

47
Q

If someone has weak hip extensors what will you see at their pelvis ?

A

extreme anterior tilt in order to shift trunk back and the GRF goes behind the hips and you don’t need your hip extensors

48
Q

Describe the pattern of joint motion of the ankle in the frontal plane

A

starts in inversion –> rapidly everts through stance –> inverts again to push off

49
Q

How is the GRF working on our foot after IC

A

pushing it into eversion

50
Q

How much eversion (in degrees) occurs from heel contact through loading response

A

2-6 degrees

51
Q

What phase of gait does the foot begin to invert? and how many degrees?

A

terminal stance

4-8 degrees of inversion

52
Q

There are a few degrees of what motion in the fronal plane at the knee during swing phase of gait

A

ABD motion/valgus internal force

ADD/varus EXTERNAL force

53
Q

How much frontal plane motion at the knee during stance

A

not much!

54
Q

How do you talk about pelvic obliquity in the frontal plane?

A

hike and drop

55
Q

What position is the pelvis in at initial contact in degrees?

A

neutral

56
Q

During the loading response how many degrees of contralateral pelvic drop occur?

A

2-6 degrees

57
Q

What motion does the contralateral hip do in the frontal plane during loading response?

A

Drop

58
Q

What degrees of hike or drop is the pelvis in in the frontal plane during the stance phase (except for loading response)

A

neutral

59
Q

At what point in the gait cycle can we say that the pelvis has hiked in the frontal plane

A

pre-swing through initial swing

60
Q

Where is the pelvis in the frontal plane during midstance

A

neutral!!!!! it doesn’t hike until preswing

yes the ABD work concentrically to get it back to neutral in midstance!! but it doesn’t actually hike until pre-swing and initial swing

61
Q

pelvis vs. hip in the frontal plane

A

pelvis: hike and drop
hip: ABD and ADD

62
Q

How many degrees of motion does the hip have in the frontal plane?

A

10-15 degrees

63
Q

How much hip ADD occurs from IC to leading response?

A

5 degrees

64
Q

5 degrees of hip ABD or ADD jt. motion occur from IC to loading response?

A

hip ADD

65
Q

Hip joint ADD occurs in response to what?

A

Hip jt. ADD occurs in response to contralateral pelvic drop

66
Q

Pattern of hip in the frontal plane

A

ADD –> ABD

67
Q

from mid stance to pre-swing where is the hip in the frontal plane

A

neutral

68
Q

from pre-swing to initial swing what location is our pelvis in in the frontal plane?

Why?

A

ABD

Because the pelvis is in hike therefore relatively our hip is in jt ABD

69
Q

What phase of gait is our hip in ABD in the frontal plane?

A

pre-swing and initial swing

70
Q

At which point in the gait do the pelvis and hips change from drop and ADD to hike and ABD

A

pre-swing and initial swing

71
Q

Transverse plane big point

A

its hard to analyze for all joints

72
Q

What planes does foot motion generally occur in?

A

frontal and sagittal

73
Q

what two planes of motion atthe knee are highly variable

A

frontal and transverse

74
Q

When you make IC what position is your hip joint in the transverse plane

A

ER

75
Q

As you transfer your weight over your leg, what position is your hip jt in in the transsverse plane?

A

IR

76
Q

During wing, what postiion is the hip jt in in the transverse plane?

What does this effect down the chain?

A

moves into ER again which allows us to IC on the lateral aspect of our foot/inversion. and leads to being able to immediately evert.

77
Q

What is the internal kinematic pattern of tibia, femur and pelvis during stance phase driven by?

A

motion of the pelvis in the frontal plane

78
Q

Shoulder girdles rotate in the ______direction as the pelvis

A

opposite

79
Q

R pelvis is forward _____ shoulders are back

A

L

80
Q

trunk is maintained in what during gait

A

slight flexion

81
Q

what is the amount of rotation/bend you see at the trunk in the frontal plane

A

<5 degrees IT SHOULD BE SMALL. if its not small then thy’re trunk to chnge the location of the GRF vecotr in relation to their hip joint to dictate the demand of their hip ABD

82
Q

What plane does the greatest amount of trunk motion occur in

how many degrees?

A

transverse plane

7-9 degrees

83
Q

Arms should do what during gait

A

swing

84
Q

hip extension ipsilateral shoulder ______

A

hip extension, ipsilateral shoulder FLEXION

85
Q

Arms play into what motion during gait

A

trunk rotation

Unit 15 (10 decks)

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