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Neurology > Gait Disturbances > Flashcards

Gait Disturbances Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Normal Gait Cycle?

A
  • Heel-Strike
  • Foot flat
  • Mid-stance
  • Heel-off
  • Toe-off
  • Swing
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2
Q

What is a Hemiplegic Gait?

A
  • Spastic flexion of the upper limb
  • Extension of the lower limb
  • Due to extension the leg is elongated meaning patients have to circumduct their leg to prevent their foot dragging on the ground
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3
Q

What are the causes of Hemiplegic Gait?

A
  • Stroke
  • Space-occupying lesion
  • Trauma
  • MS
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4
Q

What is a Diplegic Gait?

A
  • Knees are forced together due to the spasticity in the adductor muscles resulting in leg overlap when walking causing scissoring
  • The patient circumducts both legs
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5
Q

What are the causes of Diplegic Gait?

A
  • Prolapsed Intervertebral Disc
  • Spinal Spondylosis
  • Cerebral Palsy
  • Multiple Sclerosis
  • Bilateral Brain Infarcts
  • Motor Neuron Disease
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6
Q

What is a Parkinsonian Gait?

A
  • Slow initiation
  • Reduced step length stride - Shuffling gait
  • Arm swing reduced
  • Stooped posture
  • Resting tremor
  • Impaired balance leading to hesitancy on turning
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7
Q

What are the causes of Parkinsonian Gait?

A
  • Parkinsonian disorders
  • Idiopathic Parkinson’s Disease
  • Vascular Parkinson’s disease
  • Dementia with Lewy Body
  • Parkinson’s plus syndrome
  • Drug- induced parkonism
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8
Q

What is an Ataxic Gait?

A
  • A Broad Based gait
  • Staggering, slow and unsteady gait
  • Struggling with the turning manoeuvre
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9
Q

What are the causes of a Cerebellar Ataxic Gait?

A

Cerebellar Ataxia:
- Cerebellar Stroke
- Space occupying lesion
- MS
- Alcoholism
- B12 deficiency
- Drugs (pheytoin, carbamazepine, barbiturates, lithium)
- Genetic Disease

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10
Q

What are the causes of a Sensory Ataxia?

A
  • Peripheral Neuropathy (DM)
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11
Q

What are the causes of a Vestibular Ataxia?

A
  • Labyrinthitis
  • Meniere’s Disease
  • Acoustic Neuroma
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12
Q

What are the Clinical Features associated with a Cerebellar Ataxia?

A
  • Nystagmus
  • Ataxic Dysarthria
  • Dysmetria
  • Intention Tremor
  • Dysdiadokokinesia
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13
Q

What are the Clinical Features associated with Sensory Ataxia?

A
  • Positive Romberg’s Sign
  • Impaired Proprioception
  • Impaired Vibration Sensation
  • Absence of other cerebella signs
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14
Q

What are the Clinical Features associated with Vestibular Ataxia?

A
  • Vertigo
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
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15
Q

What is a Neuropathic Gait?

A
  • High-steppage Gait
  • Weakness of the muscles in the distal limb as a result of damage to the peripheral nerves providing motor innervation
  • Foot Drop
  • To prevent toes from dragging on the floor, the knee and hip flex excessively creating a high-steppage gait
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16
Q

What are the causes of Neuropathic Gait?

A
  • Isolated common peroneal nerve palsy
  • L5 radiculopathy
  • Generalised polyneuropathy (diabetic neuropathy, MND, Charcot-Marie Tooth disease)
17
Q

What is a Myopathic Gait?

A
  • A myopathic gait occurs due to the weakness of the hip abductors resulting in a waddling appearance
  • Hip abductor weakness results in an inability to stabilize the pelvis
  • The pelvis tilts downwards towards the unsupported side
  • Circumducting the leg
18
Q

What are the causes of Myopathic Gait?

A
  • Hyperthyroidism
  • Hypothyroidism
  • Cushing’s Syndrome
  • Acromegaly
  • Polymyalgia Rheumatica
  • Polymyositis
  • Dermatomyositis

-Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy
- Becker’s Muscular Dystrophy
- Myotonic Dystrophy

19
Q

What is a Choreiform Gait?

A
  • A hyperkinetic Gait with involuntary movements
  • Oro- Facial dyskinesia ( grimacing/ lip-smacking)
  • Choreic movements ( writhing/ semi-purposeful movements)
20
Q

What are the causes of Choreiform Gait?

A
  • Huntington’s disease
  • Sydenham’s Chorea
  • Cerebral palsy
  • Wilson’s disease
  • Dopaminergic Medications
21
Q

What is an Antalgic Gait?

A
  • Abnormal gait which develops from pain
  • Limping appearance is seen
22
Q

What are the causes of Antalgic Gait?

A
  • OA
  • Inflammatory joint disease
  • Lower limb fracture
  • Sciatica

Neurology (18 decks)

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