Gait Flashcards
Where is COM in adult
Slightly anterior to s2
What is vertical pelvic shift
Up and down movement. One inch higher at midstance and one inch lower and initial contact so 2 point deviation.
What is lateral pelvic shift
Increases if feet are further apart. Relative to ADD and WB limb, decreases speed.trendelenberg gait.
When does the limb eleongate and shorten
Elongates forward limb during DS. elongates rear limb to lengthen step in single
Why does the body not fully align itself over the foot during walking?
Lose too much energy
When is balance most stable
Lowest point of com. Double support time. Energy generation.
When is balance least stable
At the highest point of com. Midstance or single leg time. Energy absorption.
What are the 3 elements of postural control
Visual, vestibular, proprioceptive
What is kinematics
Range of motion cadence step speed distance
What is kinetics
Forces of gate such as muscle or ground forces
At what phase of gate does the center of mass lower
Double support in which the body prepares to be an energy generation mode
When does the center of mass Rise in gait
During single support in which energy absorption is occurring
What is a heel rocker
Initial contact foot rolls into plantarflexion
What is an ankle rocker
During loading response the tibia Rowles forward with passive dorsiflexion. Sold us and gastroc‘s is eccentric reallyhelp or nay not cave-in
What is a forefoot rocker
During terminal stance the gastroc decelerates the tibia initially this is the highest torque demand in gait cycle
When is their maximum supination
Preswing
What happens if we have too much pronation
Bunions
What happens with femoral anteversion
Toe in excessive pronation I loading response terminal stance and pre-suing because internally rotated
What is femoral retroversion
Toes out we may have to use the hip to Lyft to clear the toe
What happens with tibial torsion
Changes in thigh and foot angle at mid stance we can break down at the knee or foot
What happens with pronated flat feet
Decrease in the ability to absorb energy of the foot painful
How much MTP extension do we need for gait
30-60°
What happens if we have a loss of motion at the first MTP joint
Spin calluses extern all rotation of the hip to get off of the big toe
What walking speed do we need for ambulation and what do we need to safely cross the street
0.8 to 1.2 for ambulation and 1.2 to 1.4 to safely cross the street
At what point in gates are we least stable
Mid stance think this is why you get down in football
What are 4tasks to make gate functional
Balance energy generation energy absorption foot patterns
What is the most demanding tasks in the gate cycle
Maintaining stability during weight acceptance
What is positive work
Concentrix force generating muscle center of mass fall time is acceleration
What is negative work
Eccentric force absorbing center of mass rise time deceleration deceleration
What is the physiological cost index
Walking heart rate minus resting heart rate divided by average speed
What is antalgic gait
Painful gate there is a quick step on the good side they do not want to wait shift decreased step length decrease swing phase of normal leg
What is arthro-genic gate
A stiff joint it may have to raise pelvis to clear foot if the knee is fused we could have recurvatum we decrease the step length and cadence
What is a Trendelenburg gait
If we have weak hip abductors short step length decreased gait velocity
What is a Trendelenburg lurch
Lim too involved side when that side is in stance to shorten the muscles on the involve side
What is vaulting
Tigger gate pronounced plantarflexion in normal leg done sometimes to clear a prosthesis on the other side can also be from tight gastroc Solias
When would a person circumduct the leg
When one leg is longer when the nearest fused ankle problems hip flexor weakness
What is a drop foot gate
The toes hit first initial contact if it is severe more knee flexion all affected side or lean to opposite side to hike the hip
What is ataxic gait
It is cerebellar wide stance staggering on steady trunk anterior posterior jerking and cannot walk with a small base of support
What is equinas gate
Toe walking for plantarflexion all the time walk on the lateral part of the foot common in children and must surgically release the tendons
What is a scissors gate
Add duction of the thighs spastic flexed at the trunk internally rotated short step length
What is a crouch gait
Similar to scissors but with very flexed knees they are very contracted in their trunk is very flexed
What is a hemiparetic gate
Extended internally rotated and circumducted poor quad function sometimes add shoulder flexion elbow flexion and a closed fist they have severe knee extension and the tibia never goes over the fight
What is classic Parkinson gate
Tremors rigidity very stiff very short steps shuffling bradykinesia bradykinesia
What is festination Parkinson gate
Even smaller steps than the classic and more difficulty turning
When are no the extensors active
During terminal stance the restraint to stabilize the knee is done by calf muscles and also biceps femoris to short head to prevent hyperextension
What is happening at the hip at initial contact
20° of flexion and the hip are active
What is happening at the knee at initial contact
5° of flexion and the quadriceps are active
What is happening at the ankle at initial contact
0° and it is due to the pretibial’s
What is happening at the hip in loading response
20° of flexion and the extensors and abductor’s are active
What is happening at the knee at loading response
15° of flexion and the quadriceps are active
What is happening at the ankle in loading response
5° of plantar flexion and the pretibial’s are active
What are the critical events in loading response
Hip stability controlled knee flexion and control plantarflexion
What is happening at the hip in mid stance
0° and the abductors are active
What is happening at the knee at mid stance
5° of flexion and initially the quadriceps are active but then there is no activity
What is happening at the ankle in midsentence
5° of dorsiflexion and the calf muscles are activated
What is the critical event in mid stance
Controlled tibial advancement
What is happening at the hip at terminal stance
20° of apparent hyperextension. With no muscle activity
What is happening at the knee and terminal stance
5° of flexion with no muscle activity
What is happening at the ankle in terminal stance
10° of dorsiflexion with the calf muscles active
What are the critical events in terminal stance
Controlled ankle dorsiflexion with heel rise
What is happening at the hip in pre-swing
10° of hyper extension and the adductors are active
What is happening at the knee in preswing
40° of flexion with no muscle activity
What is happening at the ankle in pre-swing
15° of plantar flexion with no muscle activity
What is the critical event in pre-swing
Passive knee flexion to 40° and ankle plantarflexion
What is happening at the hip in initial swing
15° of flexion with the hip flexor activity
What is happening at the knee in initial swing
60° of flexion which is done so by the knee flexors
What is happening at the ankle in initial swing
5° of plantar flexion which is done so with the pre-tibial’s
What is a critical event in initial swing
Hip flexion to 15° and knee flexion to 60°
What is happening at the hip in mid swing
25° of flexion which is done by the flexors initially and then by the hamstrings
What is happening at the knee in mid swing
25° of flexion which is done by the knee flexors
What is happening at the ankle in mid swing
0° which is done so by the pre-tibials
What are the critical events with mid swing
Further hip flexion to25° and ankle dorsiflexion to 0°
What is happening at the hip in terminal swing
20° of flexion done so by the hamstrings
What is happening at the knee in terminal swing
5° of flexion done so by the quads
What is happening at the ankle in terminal swing
0° done so by the pretibial’s
What is the critical event in terminal swing
Knee extension two neutral but possibly 5° of flexion
