Gait

Question 1

toe walking

Answer 1

normal variation during the learning to walk period

-usually changes in 3-6 months

Question 2

toe walking - tx

Answer 2

• HC stretch
• gait training
• SLC - serial casting
• surgery

Question 3

femoral anteversion

Answer 3

• excessive hip IR

- toe-in

Question 4

femoral retroversion

Answer 4

• excessive ER
• toe-out
• SCFE

Question 5

5 attributes for normal walking

Answer 5

1. stability in stance
2. sufficient foot clearance in swing
3. appropriate preposition of foot for IC
4. adequate step length
5. energy conservation

Question 6

development of gait - neurological

Answer 6

• CPG’s

- myelination

Question 7

development of gait - biomechanical

Answer 7

-skeletal structure, size, body mass

Question 8

development of gait - psychological

Answer 8

motor learning

Question 9

development of gait - environmental

Answer 9

-opportunity

Question 10

determinants of mature gait (5)

Answer 10

1. duration of SLS
2. walking velocity
3. cadence
4. step length
5. ratio of pelvic span to ankle spread

Question 11

wide BOS decreases to width of ____ ____

Answer 11

pelvic span

Question 12

stride length correlates with ____, _____, and _____

Answer 12

age, leg length, height

Question 13

cadence ____ and velocity ______

Answer 13

decreases, increases

Question 14

reciprocal arm swing occurs _____ months after I walking

Answer 14

4-5

Question 15

heel strike occurs ___ months after walking

Answer 15

5-6 (heel strike with dorsiflexion and knee / by 2 years)

Question 16

plantarflexion with knee flexion by age ___

Answer 16

2

Question 17

0-9 months

Answer 17

• femoral anteversion,
• tibiofemoral angle = varus
• everted heels with WB
• active kicking in supine
• prone, creeping, kneeling, cruising

Question 18

9-15 months

Answer 18

• wide BOS: hips ABD, flexed, ER, full foot IC
• foot drop in swing
• increased cadence, decreased stride
• mild internal tibial torsion
• tibiofemoral angle = varus
• heels everted in WB
• walk as if on slippery surface (stiff extremities, high guard)

Question 19

18-24 months

Answer 19

• increase in strength
• neurological maturation
• tibiofemoral angle = straight
• decreased BOS w normal ABD
• knee flexion wave emerging
• heel strike developing
• decreased co-contraction of antagonists

Question 20

Refinement of gait

Answer 20

• most adult patterns present by 3-4 years
• changes in velocity, step length, and cadence until ~7 years
• by 7, nearly identical to adult gait

Question 21

genu valgus

Answer 21

tibia positioned laterally relative to femur

Question 22

genu varus

Answer 22

lateral bowing of tibia

Question 23

genu recurvatum

Answer 23

knee hyperextension

Question 24

tibial torsion

Answer 24

-excessive rotation of tibia relative to femur (usu. medial)

Question 25

metatarsus varus

Answer 25

adduction of forefoot

Question 26

clubfoot

Answer 26

plantarflexion, inversion, supination

Question 27

calcaneovalgus

Answer 27

• hyperdorsiflexed foot
• often associated with hip displacement
• usu resolved without tx