gait

Question 1

what is gait

Answer 1

The process of moving the body forward, one limb serving as a support, the other advancing forward to a new support site

Question 2

Gait Cycle (Stride):

Answer 2

The sequence of events between initial contacts (heel strikes) of the same limb

Question 3

step

Answer 3

The sequence of events between initial contacts (heel strikes) of opposite limbs
Two steps per gait cycle
There is right step and left step in one stride

Question 4

Stride Length

Answer 4

Distance from heel strike to heel strike of the same limb

Question 5

Step Length

Answer 5

Distance from heel strike of one limb to heel strike of the opposite limb

Question 6

Step Width

Answer 6

Lateral distance from midpoint of one heel to midpoint of the opposite heel

Question 7

Foot Angle

Answer 7

Angle between the line of progression of the body and the long axis of the foot
Amount of “toeing out”

Question 8

Cadence (Step Rate)

Answer 8

of steps per minute

Question 9

Stride Time (Duration)

Answer 9

Time to complete a full stride or gait cycle

Question 10

Step Time (Duration):

Answer 10

Time to complete a right or left step

Question 11

Gait Speed

Answer 11

The distance covered in a given amount of time

Typically expressed in m/sec

Question 12

how us gait speed measured

Answer 12

Record time to cover set distance (e.g. 10-Meter Walk Test [10MWT])

Record distance covered in set amount of time (e.g. 6-Minute Walk Test [6MWT])

Multiply step length by step rate

Question 13

what is the 6th vital sign

Answer 13

gait speed

Question 14

Greater walking speed can be achieved by

Answer 14

Increasing stride length
Increasing cadence

Question 15

Gait Phases

Answer 15

Stance Phase and swing phase

Question 16

stance phase

Answer 16

The foot is on the ground supporting the body’s weight (60% of gait cycle)

Question 17

swing phase

Answer 17

Foot is in the air, being advanced forward for next contact with ground (40% of gait cycle)

Question 18

During a single gait cycle, the body experiences how many periods of double-limb and single-limb support

Answer 18

two periods of double-limb support
two periods of single-limb support

Question 19

Double-Limb Support

Answer 19

Both feet in contact with the ground

Transferring weight from one limb to the other

Question 20

gait cycle

Answer 20

initial contact - initial contact on one limb

Question 21

Single-Limb Support

Answer 21

Only one foot in contact with the ground
Opposite limb is in swing, advancing forward

Question 22

what happens to double limb time when the gait speed decreases

Answer 22

decreases in Double-limb support time

Question 23

Weight Acceptance

Answer 23

stance
Body weight is being transferred from one limb to the other

Question 24

Single-Limb Support

Answer 24

stance
Limb supports body weight as the opposite limb advances forward

Question 25

Limb Advancement

Answer 25

The limb is swung (advanced) forward to initiate the next gait cycle

Question 26

how many subdivisions are there in the gait cycle

Answer 26

8 basic subdivisions of the gait cycle Each begins and ends with defined event in the gait cycle

Question 27

Stance Rockers

Answer 27

Provide a pivot system for smooth forward advancement over the stance foot

Question 28

heel rocker

Answer 28

loading response GRF causes ankle PF Roll over the heel to get the foot to the ground

Question 29

ankle rocker

Answer 29

midstance Tibia advances over fixed foot → ankle DF

Question 30

Forefoot Rocker

Answer 30

terminal stance Ankle is locked in ≈ 10⁰ of DF Heel rises

Question 31

toe rocker

Answer 31

Big toe acts as foundation for acceleration of swing leg

Question 32

what is Initial Contact (Heel Strike)

Answer 32

Instant the foot contacts the ground Typically, heel first Begins weight acceptance task and 1st double limb support

Question 33

Initial Contact (Heel Strike) purpose

Answer 33

Position the limb to start stance Prepares limb for loading response

Question 34

how long does initial contact last

Answer 34

a moment

Question 35

Loading Response (Foot Flat) starts with

Answer 35

Initial contact

Question 36

Loading Response (Foot Flat) ends with

Answer 36

Opposite foot leaves ground Concludes weight acceptance task and 1st double limb stance

Question 37

purpose of Loading Response (Foot Flat)

Answer 37

Shock absorption Weight-bearing stability Heel rocker Maintain progression

Question 38

what kind of rocker is loading response

Answer 38

Heel rocker

Question 39

Midstance starts with

Answer 39

Opposite foot leaves ground

Question 40

MIdstance ends with

Answer 40

Bodyweight aligned over forefoot Occurs around the same time that swing limb is parallel with stance limb

Question 41

purpose of mid stance

Answer 41

Progression of body over stance foot Maintain limb and trunk stability

Question 42

what kind of rocker is mid stance

Answer 42

Ankle Rocker

Question 43

Terminal Stance (Heel Off) starts with

Answer 43

Bodyweight over forefoot

Question 44

terminal stance ends with

Answer 44

Opposite limb makes initial contact with the ground

Question 45

terminal stance purpose

Answer 45

2nd half of single limb support Progression of body beyond stance foot Maintain limb and trunk stability – to allows the other limb to swing through

Question 46

rocker in terminal stance

Answer 46

Forefoot rocker

Question 47

Pre-swing (Toe Off) starts with

Answer 47

Initial contact of opposite limb

Question 48

Pre-swing ends with

Answer 48

Ipsilateral foot leaves ground

Question 49

pre swing purpose

Answer 49

Begins 2nd (terminal) double-limb support and swing limb advancement Generation of final “push” for forward progression Transfer of body weight to contralateral side Position limb for swing

Question 50

pre swing rocker

Answer 50

Toe rocker

Question 51

Initial Swing (Acceleration) starts with

Answer 51

Ipsilateral foot leaves ground

Question 52

initial swing ends with

Answer 52

Feet parallel (adjacent)

Question 53

Purpose of initial swing

Answer 53

Foot clearance from floor Advance limb from trailing position

Question 54

Mid-swing starts with

Answer 54

Feet parallel (adjacent)

Question 55

mid swing ends with

Answer 55

Feet parallel (adjacent)

Question 56

purpose of mid swing

Answer 56

Foot clearance from floor Continued limb advancement

Question 57

Terminal Swing (Deceleration) starts with

Answer 57

Tibia vertical

Question 58

terminal swing ends with

Answer 58

Initial contact of the next gait cycle

Question 59

purpose if the terminal swing

Answer 59

Complete limb advancement Prepare the limb for stance

Question 60

External Moments result of

Answer 60

from forces outside of our body (ground reaction force, gravity, etc.)

Question 61

internal moments result in

Answer 61

How the body counteracts the external moments May be contractile (muscle-tendon) or non-contractile (ligament)

Question 62

Ground Reaction Force (GRF)

Answer 62

Forces applied to the foot by the ground

Question 63

Center of Pressure (COP):

Answer 63

Imaginary point of application of the GRF

Question 64

how does COP move During Gait

Answer 64

from posterolateral to anteromedial

Question 65

does the center of mass move during gait

Answer 65

yes The center of mass does not stay in one location – it moves as we move forward

Question 66

when does the center of mass peak

Answer 66

Peaks during midstance

Question 67

COM during stance phases

Answer 67

Midstance – COM is closer to the stance leg

Question 68

Ground Reaction Force work on what segments

Answer 68

works on distal segment

Question 69

during loading is the foot supinated or pronated

Answer 69

supinated - ridged

Question 70

during stance is the foot supinated or pronated

Answer 70

pronated - what a flexible foot to accommodate to the different surfaces

Question 71

push off - foot soup or pronated

Answer 71

soup - want rigid surface to push off of