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Tudors > Gaining the cooperation of the localities > Flashcards

Gaining the cooperation of the localities Flashcards

1
Q

Why was control of Wales significant and necessary in the Tudor period?

A

Henry VII feared people such as Edward Stafford could raise armies in Wales and launch an invasion - much the same as he had done to Richard III

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2
Q

How did Henry VII attempt to enhance control of Wales?

A

By sending his 15 year old son and heir in 1501, Prince Arthur, to Wales in order to create a more permanent presence - Unsuccessful as he died in 1502

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3
Q

Who did Cromwell make Lord President of the Council of Wales in 1534?

A

Rowland Lee

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4
Q

When was the Law in Wales Act passed?

A

1535

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5
Q

What did the 1535 Law in Wales Act do?

A
  • Marcher Lordships were replaced with 12 English style counties
  • New English style of government introduced which incl sheriffs, coroners and JP’s
  • Banned the use of Welsh in court
  • Each new Welsh county & county town was given 2 MP places in parliament
  • The end of the traditional military power of the marcher lords -
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6
Q

What did the updated 1542 Law in Wales Act do?

A
  • introduced the system of English law into Wales
  • New system of courts called the courts of great sessions - held in each new Welsh country 2x a year and tried criminal cases
  • ## Reorganised the Council of Wales - became a more formal body and powers increased due to it now being led by the monarch , not solely the royal prerogative
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7
Q

What powers did the Council of Wales gain by 1542?

A

Had a right to hear legal cases in a manner similar to the English Star Chamber
Oversee law and order in both Wale and the former Marcher counties

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8
Q

When was the Council of the North remodelled?

A

1537

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8
Q

What did Cromwell’s remodelling of the Council of the North in 1537 do?

A
  • Gave it extensive powers to hear and decide cases of treason, murder and felony
  • Became the voice of the govt in London
  • Responsible for passing on royal proclamations
  • oversaw food supplies, trade and raised troops for battle
  • Heard private cases between individuals
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9
Q

How was the Council of the North’s significance solidified by Henry VIII?

A

Its permanent HQ was now in York -

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9
Q

What areas did the Council of the North now cover in 1537?

A
  • Governed not only yorkshire, but also Durham, Northumberland, Cumberland and Westmorland
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10
Q

How was the CoN’s authority enhanced via leadership changes?

A

President was either a bishop or a member of the nobility who often came from the South or the Midlands

  • meant that the presidents had no vested interests in the decisions they were making + could remain impartial in local disputes
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11
Q

What did the CoN become involved in under Elizabeth?

A

Responsible for battling recusancy - not showing up to Church of England services

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12
Q

What did the development of the Council of the North after 1537 also signal?

A

A decline in the power of the traditional northern lords e.g Dacres, the Percies and the Nevilles

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13
Q

The Commons grew from 296 members to what by Elizabeth’s reign?

A

462

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14
Q

What happened in the 1571 restructuring of the Council of the North? What was the impact of this?

A

Puritan Henry Hastings, Elizabeth’s cousin , was made president
- The North became much more stable and there was no further rebellion
- the power of the traditional noble families was largely eroded whilst the royal power was enhanced

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15
Q

As borough representation and the number of MP’s increased, what was it important for the Crown to have?

A

Control/influence over the MP’s elected

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16
Q

Why did borough representation increasing benefit the monarchy?

A

Allowed them to make the nobles happy as the nobles manipulated local elections to allow their clients to win, and in return for this, the monarch could influence the MPs vote
- Allowed a greater degree of control, essentially

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17
Q

What was one example of the Crown influencing borough elections in a less subtle way?

A

Elizabeth’s Privy Council pressured the Catholic Copley Family in the borough of Gatton to elect MP’s who were suitable for the queen e.g Protestant

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18
Q

Why did increasing borough representation potentially harm the monarchy?

A

The larger number of MPs coupled with the growing confidence of parliament made it harder to control parliamentary debates
- New methods of control had to be developed that were not necessary at the start of the period

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19
Q

Why did Henry VII begin the extension of the powers and roles of the JPs?

A

He was a usurper and felt vulnerable to rebellions and rival claimants

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19
Q

What was the impact of the increasing literacy rates of the yeomen class?

A
  • Some held high status in their localities and formulated rebellion demands e.g Cornish rebellion of 1497 and 1549
  • Yeomen also helped local govt and the increase in royal control as the literate and prosperous often took on roles such as the administration of the Poor Law and voting in elections
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20
Q

What Act was passed in 1495 in relation to JPs? What did it do?

A

An Act of Parliament which allowed JPs to act on info received about suspects without waiting for a jury to be summoned - in the same year, they were allowed to replace jurors who they deemed corrupt

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20
Q

Who was a trusted of the court appointed to be JPs under Henry VII?

A

Sir Thomas Lovell

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21
Q

What did Henry VII also give JPs the power to do?

A

Inquire into illegal retaining (raising private armies)

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22
Q

What was Wolsey particularly keen on doing in relation to local governance? How did he do this?

A

Improving local justice and qualities of JPs - he called all JPs to ask them to fill in a 21-section questionnaire on law and order in their regions

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23
Q

What caused the further handing of responsibility to the JPs the late 1540’s and early 1550’s?

A

Social and economic unrest + rebellion of 1549

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24
Q

What were JPs ordered to do in 1549 under Edward VI?

A

Take inventory of parish goods in order to expose those who had stolen and prosecute those who had stolen

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25
Q

By 1603, the number of JPs ranged from 40 to how many per county?

A

90

25
Q

What were JPs asked to do in 1552?

A

Enforce the Second Prayer Book

26
Q

By 1603, there were how many acts which placed responsibility on the JPs?

A

309 Acts of Parliament

27
Q

List 3 things JPs had to deal with under Elizabeth

A
  • The abduction of heiresses
  • Riots
  • Minor things like drunkenness
28
Q

What was the form of taxation used prior to the 1513 subsidy?

A

Medieval method of ‘Fifteenth and tenths ‘- rural areas were taxed at a rate of one-fifteenth and urban areas at a rate of one-tenth of the value of property

29
Q

Why was the ‘fifteenth and tenths’ form of taxation not fit for purpose?

A
  • It had set taxation amounts 150 years ago - no longer enough for the Crown’s needs + didnt take into account economic changes in areas
  • It was possible for the wealthy to avoid paying a share of the tax as it was not individually assessed
  • Urban areas had to pay more even though rural areas were often benefitting from more economic wool activity
30
Q

What did Wolsey introduce to help with the taxation issues? What did it do?

A

1513 Subsidy

  • Introduced individual assessments of wealth
  • Separate assessment for the nobility
  • Respected Local officials e.g JPs were appointed to asses under oath what each persons wealth was
31
Q

How much tax did they raise using the 1513 subsidy system between 1513-23?

A

322,099 (much more than using the old system)

31
Q

How much had the government spent on the war effort between 1509-20 with France? How much had they received in ordinary revenue per year?

A

1 Million - only 25,000 per year

32
Q

What was the Amicable Grant in 1525?

A

An attempt to raise tax without parliament - mass resistance in East Anglia where 10,000 gathered to protest and Wolsey had to cancel it

33
Q

What did Elizabeth change in regards to taxation?

A

She allowed the assessment of the subsidy to stagnate - permitted a fixed rate to be used (4 shillings for every pound the land was worth)

34
Q

What issues did this cause?

A
  • Did not take into account for inflation
  • Self assessments of wealth were corrupt as they did not need to take an oath
35
Q

Whats one example of a person evading tax?

A

William Cecil reportedly had a 4,000 p/year income but for tax purposes only claimed that it was around £133 6s 8d

36
Q

What did the 1531 Poor Law allow for?

A

Vagrants to be whipped

37
Q

What did the 1547 laws pass in relation to the poor?

A

Under the Vagrancy Act, vagrants would have a V branded on their chest as a first offence
- So harsh that it was impossible to enforce and was repealed in 1550

38
Q

What did Elizabeth pass in 1563?

A

The Statute of Artificers

39
Q

What did the Statute of Artificers include?

A

Dealt with wage issues, price rises and vagrancy in 1 go

40
Q

What were 3 policies of the Statute of Artificers?

A

Unmarried people under the age of 30 were compelled to work

  • Apprenticeships were set at 7 years and compulsory for any skilled profession
  • Working hours were set from 5am to 7-8pm
41
Q

What did the Statute of Artificers emphasise?

A

the need for everyone to have a master and to contribute to food production if you were lower class

42
Q

What was the Act for the Relief of the Poor in 1598 (Poor Law)?

A

Culmination of different Acts
- Providing for the building of hospitals + houses of correction
- Introduced the post of an overseer of the poor for each parish

43
Q

Who was one person who Henry VII trusted? What did he gain?

A

His uncle, Jasper Tudor - gave him the title Duke of Bedford

43
Q

What was Henry VII’s attitude towards the nobility?

A

One of distrust

44
Q

What is one example of Henry VII’s mistrust with the nobility?

A

Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey was not allowed to return to control Surrey, where he held his most extensive estates, until 1499

45
Q

How did the number of noble family representatives change during Henry VII’s reign?

A

Dropped from 55 to 42

46
Q

What was an informal position that was of great influence during Henry VIII?

A

Groom of the Stool

46
Q

Who did Henry VIII grant positions to?

A

Nobles who he regarded as friends

47
Q

Who was the Groom of the Stool who rose his income from £10 per year to nearly £1,700 a year?

A

Sir William Compton

48
Q

How had patronage changed later on under Henry VIII?

A

It became more so about who can get to Wolsey or Cromwell

49
Q

How did the sale of monastic lands help to strengthen Henry VIII?

A

He created a group of gentry who had a vested interest in supporting the royal supremacy and break with Rome

50
Q

What were the pitfalls of Henry VIII’s patronage?

A

Created a group of nobles that were almost too powerful, and could subsequently influence him as he got older

51
Q

Ultimately, what did Henry VII and VIII’s use of patronage achieve?

A

It severely weakened the traditional military power of the nobility and created loyalty to the Tudor monarchy

51
Q

What was different about Elizabeth’s use of patronage? Whats one example of this?

A

Had ‘flirtatious’ relationships with the noblemen - expected to admire her unconditionally and helped her gain control in a male-dominated world

  • Robert Dudley was not married and was widely anticipated to be Elizabeth’s future husband
52
Q

What did Elizabeth do in order to control the Catholic North?

A

Appoint southerners to Northern positions e.g marshes
Deprived the traditional nobility of their powers

53
Q

What did Elizabeth also reform?

A

The Council of the North - appointed Puritan Earl of Huntingdon

54
Q

What was the impact of the reforms of the CoN under Elizabeth?

A

A crackdown on recusancy, the promotion of Protestantism and improvements made to the Govt of the North

After 1569, the North was quiet and posed no further risk to Elizabeth

55
Q

What is one example of the Tudor system showing its weaknesses?

A

It led to the Earl of Essex becoming resentful that he was not as powerful as the Cecil family, causing a failed potential coup/attack on the queen

Essex intended to use a 140 troop army to surround the Court and capture the queen

56
Q

How did Henry VII use progresses?

A

Henry moved around constantly
- 1st year after Bosworth went on extended progress to the Midlands + North
- When challenged in 1487 & 97, he marched at the head of his army to deal with rebellions himself

57
Q

How did Henry VIII use progresses?

A
  • Progresses every summer largely to escape the foul smells of London
  • Visited the South West which likely prevented rebellion
  • He neglected the North of England which had the most serious rebellion of his reign
  • Only visited the North in 1541 ( 5 years following the PoG)
58
Q

Why did Mary I and Edward VI use progresses less?

A

ill health and youth

59
Q

Why did Elizabeth I use progresses?

A

used for political reasons + to save money as she stayed in nobles/gentry’s homes

60
Q

What were Elizabeth’s longest progress in the North and South ?

A

In the North - to Staffordshire and Lincolnshire
In the South - to Bristol and Gloucestershire

61
Q

For what purpose were Elizabeth’s progresses used for?

A

To strengthen relations between the monarchy and leading councillors more so than just control over the localities
- Other methods of local control had been developed by this point

62
Q
A
63
Q
A

Tudors (3 decks)

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