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Tudors > Changes in Governance at the Centre > Flashcards

Changes in Governance at the Centre Flashcards

1
Q

What was the role of the Royal Council

A

Help the monarch in day-to-day running of the country
Dealt with high profile legal cases

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2
Q

How did Henry VII exploit ‘Great Council’s’?

A

He held them to make it seem as if he was including the nobility in his decisions to go to war, raise taxes etc, but he had already made his mind up

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3
Q

How many ‘Great Councils’ did Henry VII hold between 1487-1502?

A

5

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4
Q

Where did Henry VII store the royal income? Who monitored it?

A

In the Privy Chamber - he himself monitored it

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5
Q

By the 1540’s what did the Privy Council have control over?

A

The dry stamp

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6
Q
A
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6
Q

Why did Thomas Wolsey rise to power under Henry VIII?

A

He wanted what Henry wanted; War

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6
Q

What were the Eltham Ordinances? What did it become?

A

Wolsey’s plan to reduce the Royal Council to 20 men - this came to fruition in 1540 as the Privy Council

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7
Q

Following Cromwell’s fall in 1540, what happened to the post of the Secretary?

A

The post of the Secretary was split into 2
and declined in political importance

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8
Q

When did the role of the Secretary become important again?

A

Under Elizabeth with William Cecil in 1572

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9
Q

What were the main aims of the Lord Lieutenant’s?

A

Recruit for the royal armies & increase royal control of the regions

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9
Q

What is an example of how the Secretary position could become a dangerous one at times?

A

Under Elizabeth I, Secretary Davison made the mistake of sending the execution of Mary Queen of Scots without Elizabeth’s permission
He was fined 10,000 marks and never worked for the queen again

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10
Q

What was the first development in the extension of royal power to the localities?

A

In 1512 and 1545 Henry VIII gave commissions to nobles to organise defences agains the threat from France and Scotland

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11
Q

When was the Kett Rebellion?

A

1549

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12
Q

Where were LL’s used under Mary I?

A

Attempted to police and raise troops - found it very difficult to muster troops

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13
Q

Where were LL’s used under Edward IV?

A

Duke of Northumberland appointed nobles to deal with the rebellions of 1549
Expected to both have a policing and military local role

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14
Q

What did the LL become under Elizabeth I?

A

A permanent role - enhanced the links between the central gov and localities

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15
Q

Why were Lord Lieutenants arguably not innovative?

A

They still relied on the nobility in their traditional military role

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16
Q

How many times did Henry VII call for parliament? Why was this?

A

7 times - England was at peace and he did not need taxation

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17
Q

How did Henry VII utilise his first parliament?

A

Parliament acknowledged his reign + Passes a series of Acts of Attainder - convicting his enemies

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18
Q

What was significant about Henry VII’s utilisation of parliament for his claim to the throne?

A

Used it to further secure the throne - there was never any suggestion that they granted him the throne

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19
Q

What did Henry VIII want to do that was unlike his father?

A

Prove himself on an international stage via wars against traditional enemies France and Scot.

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20
Q

Why were MP’s hesitant to grant Henry VIII taxation in 1523?

A

They were aware, as landowners, the potential for rebellion increased taxation would have created

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21
Q

What event exacerbated some anticlerical feeling?

A

The Hunne Affair - church accused of killing Richard Hunne whilst in custody in 1514

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21
Q

What was Wolsey promoted to in the Catholic Church? What was the impact of this?

A

He became Cardinal - his loyalties became split during the process of annulment from Catherine of Aragon

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22
Q

When did Henry VIII begin to challenge the legality of his marriage to Catherine? Why was this?

A

1527 - Catherine had produced no male heir after 18 years of marriage and was not past child-bearing age

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23
Q

Why would the Pope not grant Henry VIII his annulment?

A

The pope, Clement VII, was under the control of Catherine of Aragon’s nephew, Charles HRE + ruler of Spain

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24
Q

Who fell from power as a result of not being able to find a solution for Henry’s annulment?

A

Wolsey

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25
Q

Who replaced Wolsey?

A

Thomas Cromwell

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26
Q

Who thought of the idea to use parliament to break from Rome?

A

Cromwell

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27
Q

What was the first parliamentary act in 1532 that threatened the Catholic-English Church?

A

Act in Conditional Restraint of Annates - put a temporary stop to payments to Rome

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28
Q

What did Cromwell also pass in 1532?

A

Submission of the clergy - Churchmen agreed to accept Henry’s power over them and were not allowed to call Convocation or pass canons without his agreement.

29
Q

What did Cromwell pass in 1533 in response to Anne Boleyn’s pregnancy?

A

Act of Restraint of Appeals - Statute law which stopped legal appeals in Church court cases from being sent to Rome

30
Q

When was the Act of Supremacy passed?

A

1534

31
Q

What did the Act of Succession of 1534 do?

A

Delegitimised Princess Mary and that only the heirs of Henry’s marriage to Anne Boleyn were valid

32
Q

How long had Henry been head of the English Church for before the Act of Supremacy in 1534?

A

More than 1 year

33
Q

In what way was the Act of Supremacy still very significant for Henry?

A

The bill emphasised that Henry’s right to the supremacy came from God, not parliament.

34
Q

What was the significance of passing the AoS through parliament?

A

Made it statute law and those who disobeyed could be punished

35
Q

What did the Act of Supremacy pave the way for?

A

The Treason Act - treason redefined to mean not only plotting against the king but also speaking against him and the supremacy

36
Q

What did the Act of Supremacy strengthen?

A

Royal control over the English Church and ensured that the allegiance of the clergy should be to Henry, not the papacy

36
Q

What position did Henry appoint Cromwell to in 1535? What powers did it give him?

A

Vicegerent in Spirituals - Made Cromwell Henry’s deputy in all spiritual matters and had the power to enforce Henry’s wishes

37
Q

What was also abolished by Henry VIII in relation to Church powers?

A

Sanctuary (allowed criminals to seek refuge in churches) and Benefit of the Clergy (the power for a churchmen to be tried in an ecclesiastical court rather than a secular court)

38
Q

When did the dissolution of the monasteries begin?

A

1535 with the investigations into the moral, spiritual and financial state of the monasteries

39
Q

How much did Henry VIII acquire from former monastic estates following the dissolution of the monasteries?

A

1.3 million

40
Q

What was the impact of selling former monastic lands to the nobility and gentry?

A

They now had a vested interest in maintaining the break with Rome

41
Q

What was the first attempt to define the doctrine of the new English Church?

A

The Act of Ten Articles in 1536 - they were intended to be a compromise between the traditional Catholic doctrines and the new Protestant ideas

42
Q

What did the Act of Ten Articles in 1536 change?

A

Article on the Eucharist was deliberately ambiguous and the sacraments considered necessary for salvation decreased from 7 to 3

42
Q

What did the 2 injunctions (instructions) Cromwell set out in 1536 and 38 discourage?

A

Discouraged pilgrimages

43
Q

What publication was a step back towards Catholic practices?

A

The King’s Book in 1543 - emphasised practices such as masses for the dead

44
Q

What was Edward VI influenced by?

A

Reformer ideas

45
Q

What did the 1549 Act of Uniformity introduce?

A

Cranmer’s new English Book of Common Prayer and made it compulsory in all churches

46
Q

What did the 1552 2nd Book of Common Prayer change?

A
  • Replaced the Catholic stone altar with wooden table
  • Told clergy to wear a plain surplice rather than a decorated vestment
  • Moved further from transubstantiation and the idea of ‘real presence’
47
Q

Why was Mary I not able to make a lasting impression on Church-state relations?

A

She died young and was replaced by a Protestant Princess Elizabeth

48
Q

When was the 2nd Act of Supremacy?

A

1559

49
Q

What were the changes in the 2nd Act of Supremacy?

A
  • Elizabeth was made ‘supreme governer’ not head to appeal to both Catholics and Protestants
50
Q

What did the 2nd AoS include in order to protect Elizabeth’s governership?

A

An oath of loyalty to be taken by all officials - penalty was a loss of office

51
Q

What was the bill of uniformity 1559 under Elizabeth?

A
  • It reimposed the more radical 1552 Prayer Book which had a 12d fine for those who refused to attend weekly Church services
  • 2 Sentences added to the Communion service from the more moderate 1549 Prayer book
52
Q

By what did the bill of uniformity 1559 under Elizabeth pass?

A

21 to 18 in the HoL

53
Q

What allegedly allowed Elizabeth’s Bill of Uniformity to pass?

A

The imprisonment of 2 Catholic bishops + the mysterious absence of the Abbot of Westminister

54
Q

How did Elizabeth enforce her settlement following the passing of the 2 Acts?

A

Through the new Oath of Supremacy - if bishops refused e.g Bishop Llandaff, Protestant sympathisers were instead appointed

55
Q

How many members of the lower clergy refused to accept Elizabeth’s Oath?

A

Only about 300 out of 8,000 - they were deprived of their offices as a result

56
Q

When was royal intervention on religious settlement necessary under Elizabeth I?

A

In 1563 the Forty-Two Articles of faith were to be passed that included Article 29 which denied the presence of the Communion

  • Elizabeth was forced to remove the Articles which would have upset Catholics and moderate Protestants
57
Q

Who was one Puritan who was powerful within the CoE under Elizabeth?

A

Edmund Grindal

58
Q

What was one rule which upset radical Puritan clergy? What was Elizabeth’s response to this?

A

Settlement rules on vestments - they preferred simpler styles

Elizabeth ordered Mathew Parker, Archbishop of Canterbury, to issue the ‘Book of Advertisements’ which

59
Q

What happened to Grindal following his refusal to end Puritan ‘prophesyings’ (Puritan meetings)

A

Elizabeth placed him on house arrest and suspended him in 1557

60
Q

What act ordered those who refused to attend CoE services to leave the country?

A

Act of Seditious Sectaries in 1593

61
Q

What were the main concerns of parliament, especially in the 1590’s under Elizabeth?

A

Officials’ misuse of monopolies and high levels of taxation

62
Q

Why was Elizabeth increasingly granting monopolies?

A

in order to raise taxation - more cost effective way of patronage

63
Q

What were examples of a monopolies that was controversial?

A

Monopolies in tin, playing cards and the licensingo f taverns - all held by Walter Raleigh

64
Q

The parliament of 1597 represented what exactly?

A

The first directed criticism of Elizabeth’s policies of war and monopolies

65
Q

Why was the Commons’ anger in 1601 even more extreme than the 1597 parliament?

A
  • 253 MPs had legal training and were not only well-versed in legal procedures but also familiar with the issues created by monopolies in the courts.
  • Elizabeth had not kept her 1597 promises of dealing with monopolies
  • At least 157 MP’s were present in the 1597 parliament - had seen the lack of change in monopolies
65
Q

What happened in particular in the 1601 parliament that was unprecedented?

A

Mov burst in to parliament, begging MP’s to do something about monopolies

66
Q

What was Elizabeth’s way of dealing with the anger in the 1601 parliament?

A

Gave her ‘golden speech’ - admitted to ‘some lapses of error’ - political manipulation as she conceded very little but won the 140 MP delegation over

67
Q

What idea was created in the 1530’s that was the most powerful institution in England?

A

King-in-parliament - most powerful institution in the country was the king working with parliament + this institution had control over the church, whilst the king alone did not

68
Q

What was one example of the growth in confidence of parliament?

A

Mary faced a revolt in 1555 by MPs who refused to accept a bill that would have confiscated the land from those exiled from England (mostly reformers)

  • MP for Gloucestershire, Sir Anthony Kingston locked the doors and forced the Speaker to take a vote defeating the bill before Mary’s supporters could fetch additional support
69
Q

What are some examples of the increased confidence of the Commons under Elizabeth?

A
  • Wentworth challenged Elizabeth’s attempts to control discussions in the Commons
  • MP’s argued in the 1593 parliament that they should be the ones who decided whether taxation should be granted and how much it would be
70
Q

What did no parliament ever refuse a Tudor monarch?

A

A grant of taxation, although they did try and limit the amounts or as in 1504 and 1523, link it to their concerns

71
Q

What did Elizabeth resort to in 1587 to deal with the challenges to her religious settlement?

A

Imprisoned MPs Wentworth and Cope

71
Q
A

Tudors (3 decks)

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