G5 Flashcards
Data are a vital organizational resource that need to be managed like other important
business assets.
Data Resource Management
Today’s business enterprises cannot survive or succeed without quality data about their
internal operations and external environment.
Data Resource Management
is a managerial activity that applies information systems
technologies like database management, data warehousing, and other data management
tools to the task of managing an organization’s data resources to meet the information
needs of their business stakeholders.
Data Resource Management
Types of databases
- Operational Databases
- Distributed Databases
- External Databases
- Hypermedia Databases
store detailed data needed to support the business processes and operations of a
company.
Operational Databases
are also called subject area databases (SADB), transaction databases, and
production databases.
Operational Databases
Examples are a customer database, human resource database, inventory
database, and other databases containing data generated by business operations.
Operational Databases
For example, a human resource database would include data identifying each
employee and his or her time worked, compensation, benefits, performance
Operational Databases
Many organizations replicate and distribute copies or parts of databases to network
servers at a variety of sites.
Distributed Databases
can reside on network servers on the World Wide
Web, on corporate intranets or extranets, or on other company networks
Distributed Databases
Distributed databases may be copies of operational or analytical databases,
hypermedia or discussion databases, or any other type of database.
Distributed Databases
Replication and distribution of databases improve database performance at end-
user worksites.
Distributed Databases
Ensuring that the data in an organization’s distributed databases are consistently
and concurrently updated is a major challenge of distributed database
management.
Distributed Databases
Often, a large database system may be distributed into
smaller databases based on some logical relationship between the data and the
location. For example, a company with several branch operations may distribute
its data so that each branch operation location is also the location of its branch
database. Because multiple databases in a distributed system can be joined
together, each location has control of its local data while all other locations can
access any database in the company if so desired.
Storage requirements:
a company distributes its database to multiple
locations, any change to the data in one location must somehow be updated in all
other locations.
Maintenance of data accuracy:
This updating can be accomplished in one of two ways:
replication or duplication.
Involves using a specialized software application that looks at each
distributed database and then finds the changes made to it.
replication
Once these changes have been identified, the replication process makes
all of the distributed databases look the same by making the appropriate
changes to each one.
replication
Is very complex and, depending on the number and
size of the distributed databases, can consume a lot of time and computer
resources.
replication
is much less complicated.
Duplication
identifies one database as a master and then duplicates that database at
a prescribed time after hours so that each distributed location has the same
data.
Duplication
s that no changes can ever be
made to any database other than the master to avoid having local changes
overwritten during the duplication process.
Duplication
can keep all
distributed locations current with the latest data.
Duplication
One additional challenge is the extra computing power and bandwidth necessary
to access multiple databases in multiple locations.
Duplication
Websites provide an endless variety of hyperlinked pages of multimedia
documents in hypermedia databases for us to access.
External Databases
Data are available in the form of statistics on economic and demographic activity
from statistical databanks, or we can view or download abstracts or complete
copies of hundreds of newspapers, magazines, newsletters, research papers, and
other published material and periodicals from bibliographic and full-text databases.
External Databases
Whenever we use a search engine like Google or Yahoo to look up something on
the Internet, we are using an external database - a very, very large one!
External Databases
The rapid growth of Web sites on the Internet and corporate intranets and
extranets has dramatically increased the use of databases of hypertext and
hypermedia documents.
Hypermedia Databases
A Website stores such information in a hypermedia database consisting of
hyperlinked pages of multimedia (text, graphic and photographic images, video
clips, audio segments, and so on).
Hypermedia Databases
That is, from a database management point of view, the set of interconnected
multimedia pages on a Website is a database of interrelated hypermedia page
elements, rather than interrelated data records.
Hypermedia Databases
A data warehouse stores data that have been extracted from the various operational,
external, and other databases of an organization.
Data warehousing
It is a central source of the data that have been cleaned, transformed, and cataloged so
that they can be used by managers and other business professionals for data mining,
online analytical processing, and other forms of business analysis, market research, and
decision support.
Data warehousing
may be subdivided into data marts , which hold subsets of data from
the warehouse that focus on specific aspects of a company, such as a department or a
business process.
Data warehousing
the data in a data warehouse are analyzed to reveal hidden patterns and
trends in historical business activity.
Data Mining
This analysis can be used to help managers make decisions about strategic changes in
business operations to gain competitive advantages in the marketplace.
Data Mining
can discover new correlations, patterns, and trends in vast amounts of
business data (frequently several terabytes of data) stored in data warehouses.
Data Mining
software uses advanced pattern recognition algorithms, as well as a variety
of mathematical and statistical techniques, to sift through mountains of data to extract
previously unknown strategic business information.
Data Mining
many companies use data mining to:
● Perform market-basket analysis to identify new product bundles.
● Find root causes of quality or manufacturing problems.
● Prevent customer attrition and acquire new customers.
● Cross-sell to existing customers.
● Profile customers with more accuracy.
To solve the problems encountered with the file processing approach, the database
management approach was conceived as the foundation of modern methods for
managing organizational data.
Database Management Approach
consolidates data records, formerly held in separate
files, into databases that can be accessed by many different application programs
Database Management Approach
serves as a software interface
between users and databases, which helps users easily access the data in a database.
Database Management system
involves the use of database management software to
control how databases are created, interrogated, and maintained to provide information
that end users need.
Database Management
For example, customer records and other common types of data are needed for several
different applications in banking, such as check processing, automated teller systems,
bank credit cards, savings accounts, and installment loan accounting. These data can be
consolidated into a common customer database, rather than being kept in separate files
for each of those applications.
Database Management Approach
is the main software tool of the database
management approach because it controls the creation, maintenance, and use of the
databases of an organization and its end users.
Database Management System
Examples of popular DBMS software are IBM’s DB2 Universal Database, Oracle 10g by
Oracle Corp., and MySQL, a popular open-source DBMS.
Database Management System
The three major functions of a database management system are:
- to create new databases and database applications,
- to maintain the quality of the data in an organization’s databases, and
- to use the databases of an organization to provide the information that its end
users need.
straints, and authorization rights.
Nonprocedural Access
Language and graphical tools to access data without complicated coding
Database Definition
Language and graphical tools to access data without complicated coding
Nonprocedural Access
Graphical tools to develop menus, data entry forms, and reports
Application Development
Language that combine nonprocedural acces with full capabilitics of a pro-
Procedural Language Interface
mechanisms to prevcnt interference from simultancous users and
recover lost data after a failure.
Transaction processing
involves defining and organizing the content, relationships, and
structure of the data needed to build a database.
Database development
Tools to monitor and improve database performance
Database tuning
involves using a DBMS to develop prototypes of
queries, forms, reports, and Web pages for a proposed business application.
Database application development
involves using transaction processing systems and other tools to
add, delete, update, and correct the data in a database.
Database maintenance
The primary use of a database by end users involves employing the database
interrogation capabilities of a DBMS to access the data in a database to selectively retrieve
and display information and produce reports, forms, and other documents.
Database maintenance
capability is a major benefit of the database management
approach.
Database Interrogation
End users can use a DBMS by asking for information from a database using a query
feature or a report generator.
Database Interrogation
They can receive an immediate response in the form of video displays or printed reports.
No difficult programming is required.
Database Interrogation
feature lets us easily obtain immediate responses to ad hoc data
requests: in a few short inquiries - in some cases, using common sentence structures just
like we would use to ask a question.
query language
feature allows us to specify a report format for information we want
presented as a report.
Report generator
is an international standard query language found in many
DBMS packages. In most cases, SQL is the language structure used to “ask a question”
that the DBMS will retrieve the data to answe
SQL Queries
SELECT . . . FROM . . . WHERE . . .
After SELECT, we list the data fields we want retrieved.
- After FROM, we list the files or tables from which the data must be retrieved.
- After WHERE, we specify conditions that limit the search to only those data records
in which we are interested.
allows us to refine our searches for specific information such that only the
desired information is obtained.
Boolean Logic
process is accomplished by transaction processing systems
and other end-user applications, with the support of the DBMS.
Database Maintenance
Other miscellaneous changes also must be made to update and correct data (e.g.,
customer or employee name and address changes) to ensure the accuracy of the data in
the databases
Database Maintenance
End users and information specialists can also employ various utilities provided by a
DBMS for database maintenance.
Database Maintenance
End users, systems analysts, and other application developers can use the internal 4GL
programming language and built-in software development tools provided by many DBMS
packages to develop custom application programs.
Application Development
Instead, they can include features such as data manipulation language (DML) statements
in their software that call on the DBMS to perform necessary data-handling activities.
Application Development
DBMS packages play a major role in application development.
Application Development
