G21-22

Question 1

what % of living species will be extinct by 2050 factoring in climate change and other human activities

Answer 1

15-40%

Question 2

give 2 examples of climate change effected species

Answer 2

harlequin frog 67% extinct due to fungal infections due to rising temps
temperature affecting coral reefs inducing bleeching

Question 3

give an example of extinction due to move up of species up a mountain leaving some no where to go?

Answer 3

45% extinction of endemic forest moth species by 2100, , due to contraction of high and low elevation boundaries on mount kinabalu in bornea.

Question 4

what does habitat loss lead to

Answer 4

habitat fragmentation - more edge at any point

each fragment more isolated from others leads to population fragmentation and reduced population size

Question 5

what is bad about having more edge in habitat fragmentation

Answer 5

different microclimate, more problems with competitors at edge and more chance of immigration

Question 6

assumptions of hwe

Answer 6

= non overlapping generations

• no mutation
• no migration
• no selection
• random mating
• cnst pop size through time
• equal sex ratio.
• equal opportunity to pass on genes

Question 7

what is genetic stochasticty

Answer 7

Genetic stochasticity refers to changes in the genetic composition of a population unrelated to systematic forces (selection, inbreeding, or migration), i.e., genetic drift

Question 8

what is demographic stochasticity

Answer 8

Demographic stochasticity refers to the variability in population growth rates arising from random differences among individuals in survival and reproduction within a season.

• random fluctuations in birth and death rates
  immigration. emigration sex ratio. age and structure of pop

Question 9

how do you calcualte propotion of polymorphic loci

Answer 9

no. of polymorphic loci/total no of loci sampled

Question 10

if 3/6 loci are polymorphic what are the other 3?

Answer 10

monomorphic

Question 11

how do you calcualte allelic richness

Answer 11

total no of alleles over all loci (poly and mono(1))/ total no of loci sampled
eg. 5 +4+ 3+ 1+ 1+ 1 / 6

Question 12

what is the observed heterozygosity

Answer 12

total no of heterozygotes at locus/ total no of individuals samples

Question 13

what is the expected heterozygosity

Answer 13

2pq

= 1-p^2 -q^2

Question 14

what is the effective number of alleles

Answer 14

number of alleles that if equally frequent would give the expected heterozygosity HE

Question 15

how do you caclulate effective no. of alleles

Answer 15

ne = 1/ the sum of (pi)
pi = frequency of allele squared

Question 16

what is the theory for how genetic diversity is lost?

Answer 16

random genetic drift ultimately leads to fixation of one alele copy
- leads to homozygosity and IBD - one copy of that allele will win out and alleles will all become identical by descent

Question 17

what is the allelic richness and heterozygosity found to be in threatened species comparable to non threatened
give an example of each

Answer 17

lower for threatentd
human A =8.9 and H =0.82
whereas the cheetah A =3.4 and H =0.39

Question 18

what can the degree of inbreeding be related to?

Answer 18

future of expected heterozygosity.

estimated for neutral genes and assumes constant N

Question 19

what is heterozygosity at any time t equal to

Answer 19

initial hetero after a certain no. generations (inbreeding coefficient)
rate of inbreeding losing 1/2N at each generation
Ht/H0 = (1-1/2N)^t
Ht = (1-1/2N)H0
H0 = heterozygosity observed at time 0 (before bottleneck)

Question 20

what effect does single generation bottleneck have?

Answer 20

retains 7% of the heterozygosity - long term

Question 21

what is the calcuculation for the inbreeding coefficient delta

Answer 21

delta = 1 -(fittness of inbred offspring/fittness of outbred offsping)

Question 22

what is a mutational meltdown?

Answer 22

accumualtion of harmful mutations in a small population

- drift fixes mildly deleterious alleles in small pop, leads to increasing genetic load.

Question 23

what is genetic load?

Answer 23

reduction in mean fitness of a population compared to that of the max fittness

Question 24

what is the effective population size

Answer 24

size of idealised population that would lose genetic diversity at the same rate as our actual population

Question 25

why is an effective pop size needed

Answer 25

because breeding pop could be much smaller than census size, meaning the pop would experience greater rate of drift and loss of heterozygosity.

Question 26

what would the effective population size be if the population lost genetic diveristy at the same rate of the ideal population

Answer 26

effective population = ideal

Question 27

what is an idealised popualtion

Answer 27

one that can be be described using a number of assumptions (hwe wright fisher)

Question 28

why is Ne the effective pop size usually lower than N

Answer 28

due to size variation between generations, unequal sex ratio and sexual selection

Question 29

what is the min population size required to maintain evolutationary potential

Answer 29

500

Question 30

what is the minimm population size required to retain reproductive fittness?

Answer 30

50

Question 31

what is the minimum population size required to avoid accumulating deleterious mutations

Answer 31

100

Question 32

what is the equation for effective population size taking into account sexual selection and variance between success rates of the sexes

Answer 32

``` Ne = 8(Nm+Nf)/Vm +Vf +4 Vm = variance in male success Vf = variance in female success ```

Question 33

what is the effective popualtiion size taking into account unequal sex ratio

Answer 33

Ne = 4(Nm x Nf)/ Nm + Nf

Question 34

what is the allee effect

Answer 34

postivie effect between individual fittness and increasing pop size

Question 35

give 3 examples of allee effect at low pop size

Answer 35

reduced defence efficiency in lapwings in low pop reduce foraging efficieny in african wild dogs in low pop reduced chance of mate location in grizzly bears that have a very large habitat range.

Question 36

what is population viability analysis

Answer 36

Population viability analysis (PVA) is a species-specific method of risk assessment frequently used in conservation biology. It is traditionally defined as the process that determines the probability that a population will go extinct within a given number of years.

Question 37

what inputs does pva use

Answer 37

life history data - birth rate, survial rate, reprod rate, habitat capacity etc and stochastic events.

Question 38

what are the problems with pva

Answer 38

limited knowledge of some species often doesnt take climate change into account not that much genetic info inbreeding depression is often put in for juvenile survivorship not adult breeding

Question 39

describe the case study of the pva of the ethiopian wolf

Answer 39

- icun endangered species fragmentation range in highlands habitat degratation out breaks of disease like rabies competes with wild dogs for food sanetti = pure populations web = hybrid with dogs found hybridisation - outbreeding is the problem

Question 40

describe the case study of pva with the florida panther

Answer 40

widespread until european settlements hunting road kill reduced pop to small area so there were only 25 left in 1998 all have low hetero relative to pops elsewhere nearly fixed deleterious traits inlcuding: kinked tail, undescended testicles, poor semen quality, cowlick on back, lowest molecular vairation of any north american pop genetically restored by outbreeding with female texan cougar, subspecies was successful increase in fittness adn higher degree of escape behaviour and increased survivorship of offspring genetic restoration alone is not enough, requires habitat etc

Question 41

describe the case study of pva of the mountain ibex

Answer 41

population crash in the 19th centuary supplemented with austrian ibex then restored with turkish and nubian ibex didnt work as went extinct because mountain ibex mate in midwinter so young are born in summer so have time to get big before winter however nubian and turkish amte in the summer loss of local adaptation

Question 42

describe the case study of the dusky seaside sparrow

Answer 42

mosquito and malaria issues meant florida governemnt filled in marshes - where sparrows breed final few captive males were mated with peninsula females died out final male died they looked at its mtDNA and found that the peninsulae birds are completely distinct, most geographically near but different species.

Question 43

waht are the three types of facilitated adaptations

Answer 43

rossing hybridising with better adapted specific alelles drawn from well adapted population genes from well adapted species incorperated into genome of endangered