G Rocks, Resources And Scenery

Question 1

Describe features of rock type and landscape. Malham Cove (4)

Answer 1

Landscape dominated by steep almost vertical cliff type feature
Rock overhangs in places ledges visible and bedding planes especially near top
Cliff height lower in middle
Variation in colour area left lighter
Joints/vertical cracks in rock

Question 2

Carbonation (3)

Answer 2

Rain water weak carbonic acid
As rain mixes with CO2, as it falls through atmosphere
Limestone is soluble in weak acid so dissolved by it over long period of time
Occurs especially at joints

Question 3

Suggest environmental disadvantages of quarry (4)

Answer 3

Half square km
Large hole in ground - bare rock visible in area around
Minor roads take rock away have to go through Westbury lorries noisy
Dust
Blasting of rock noise

Question 4

How quarry managed during extraction and restored following the extraction of resources (9)
Describe how impact on environment can be reduced (8)

Answer 4

At Lafarge Cement in Hope in Derbyshire,
over 75000 trees have been planted to make the quarry and cement works less obvious and make it blend in with the environment
2.5m tonnes of limestone that could not be used for making cement have been used to help conceal the entrance by altering the landscape
Much is transported by train, so traffic on narrow roads in the countryside is reduced
Road cleaning is arranged to get rid of dust in immediate area
After an area is finished it is restored to farming or a different use, such as fishing lakes and a 9- hole golf course has been opened wetland reserve
£15m spent improve transport rail used rather than road to reduce impact of heavy traffic 1 train = 57 lorries
Produce 1m tonnes CO2/year 2003 7000 trees planted

Question 5

Describe formation of igneous rocks (2)

Characteristics of igneous (2)

Answer 5

Formed by cooling of molten magma
Either underground (intrusive - granite) or on ground (extrusive - basalt) 
Contain many interlocking crystals (crystalline) as a result are tough and resistant to erosion

Question 6

Era vs period (2)

Answer 6

Era represents longer time than period

Data

Question 7

Explain formation of an escarpment and vale (8)

Answer 7

Harder chalk laid down on top of softer clay
Due to tectonic movement, chalk and clay layers are tilted at an angle to the surface, uplifted
Clays eroded more quickly create vale
Resistant chalk eroded slowly leaving escarpment
Steep scarp slope right angles to dip of rocks while gentler dip slope goes parallel with it
Springs occur at junction of clay and chalk

Question 8

Favour of quarry local cafe owner

Against holiday home owner (6)

Answer 8

F
More customers more profit more workers from quarry
Use profit employ more staff increase quality of food
Support family
A
Ruin landscape less want to come
Digging noise want peace on hol
Dust and pollution ruin fresh air

Question 9

Contrast position of granite and chalk on geological time scale (3) Limestone

Answer 9

Granite older rock
Chalk formed during Cretaceous period 65-145 mya
Granite Permian period 280mya
Granite at least twice as old as chalk
Limestone 340mya Carboniferous period

Question 10

Characteristics of carboniferous limestone (2)

Answer 10

Made of CaCO3
permeable rock
Tough and resistant but chemically weak
Formed in layers

Question 11

Underground features of carboniferous limestone (3)

Answer 11

Stalagmites thicker and shorter formed in cavern floor
Stalactites icicle like calcite feature hanging down from ceiling
Pillars formed when mites and tites join
Curtains water emerges along crack in cavern

Question 12

Explain formation of mites and tites (4)

Answer 12

Tite
When eater rich in dissolved caco3 drips from cavern roof leaves minute deposit of calcite as evaporates
100 years icicle like tite form hanging down from ceiling
Mite
Water drops to cavern floor icicle grow from floor same way

Question 13

Describe impact of quarrying on this area (4)

Answer 13

Ruin landscape attractive with waterfalls
Employment
Lorries spoil peace lead to traffic add to pollution ruin fresh air

Question 14

Describe links between diff rock types in rock cycle (4)

Answer 14

All rocks on the surface are weathered which weakens the rock and makes it easy for sediment to be eroded.
This is transported by rivers and deposited in oceans where subsequent deposition above leads to the lower layers being compressed to form sedimentary rock.
Thus some of the sediments may have come from igneous rock that was initially formed by the cooling of magma following a volcanic eruption.
Igneous or sedimentary rock altered by being subjected to pressure during earth movements or heating during volcanic eruptions and it will change as a result to metamorphic rock – limestone to marble/clay to slate

Question 15

Explain formation of limestone pavement (6)

Answer 15

Limestone is calcium carbonate.
Rainwater mixes with carbon dioxide in the atmosphere as it falls and becomes weak carbonic acid.
Calcium carbonate is soluble in this – the process of carbonation takes place.
As limestone has joints and is permeable, the water enters via these joints and the joints get bigger as limestone solution takes place and the dissolved limestone is removed.
This results in the enlarged gaps/grykes between the limestone blocks/clints.
The surface of the clints is smooth due to the action of the water, but is often uneven and pitted due to the impact of solution where the water sits in hollows.
Clints vary in size due to joint patterns

Question 16

Why underground features found in areas of carboniferous limestone (2)

Answer 16

due to the rock structure, the rock is permeable. The presence of natural pathways for the water to follow – both vertically along joints to lower levels but also along bedding planes horizontally.
These lead to the development of passages and cave systems.
The rock is also hard enough to ensure that collapse does not occur along the paths etched out by the water.

Question 17

How people use areas of 2 or more diff rock types (8)

Answer 17

5a large building grey rock granite hard resistant
Aberdeen city of granite
B chalk quarry rock extracted for cement
Hope 1.3tonnes cement mad from 2m tonnes limestone quarried each year
C farming sheep lamb wool chalk hills reasonably fertile land
Pop with naturalists rich wildlife
D granite reservoirs impermeable watersports
Burrator Reservoir supplies Plymouth
Recreational bird watching mountain biking

Question 18

Describe processes lead to formation of sedimentary rock (3)

Answer 18

Rocks are weathered
Weakens rocks makes it easy for sediment to be eroded
Transported by rivers to sea
Deposited onto sea bed
Subsequent deposition above leads to lower layers being compressed to form sedimentary

Question 19

Weathering (2)

Answer 19

Effect of weather such as top change
Weakening of rock
Occurs in situ

Question 20

Exfoliation (4)

Answer 20

Large fluctuations in temp especially in deserts
Rock poor conductor of heat so only outer layers respond to temp change
Day warm expands night cools contracts
Repetition of process over time leads to outer layers peeling away like onion skin
Presence of water important as weakens rock more vulnerable to flaking

Question 21

Describe Hay Tor and explain formation (6)

Answer 21

Chemical weathering greater where more joints as water get in rock easier and break it down
Surface weathers rock removed during ice age, the toe where the joints were generally further apart elsewhere was exposed
Erosion and mass movement removed broken up granite leaving largely up weathered jointed granite to form tor
Tor continued weathered by chemical and physical
Round edges caused by weathering

Question 22

Benefits of using landscape for economic activity (8)

Answer 22

N