G&D Part 2: The Second Yr Flashcards
Stage in which there is increased clinginess around 18 mo, which may be a reaction to growing awareness of the possibility of separation
rapprochement
What can a 15 mo old do?
motor, adaptive, language, social
Motor: Walks alone; crawls up stairs
Adaptive: tower of 3 cubes; line with crayon; inserts raisin in bottle
Language: Jargon; follows simple commands; name a familiar object; responds to his/her name
Social: pointing; hugs parents
What can an 18 mo old do?
Motor: Runs stiffly; sits on small chair; walks up stairs with one hand held; explores drawers and wastebaskets
Adaptive: Makes tower of 4 cubes; imitates scribbling; imitates vertical stroke; dumps raisin from bottle
Language: 10 words (average); names pictures; identifies one or more parts of body
Social: Feeds self; seeks help; may complain when wet or soiled; kisses parent
What can a 2 yo do?
Motor: Runs well, walks up and down stairs, one step at a time; opens doors; climbs on furniture; jumps
Adaptive: Makes tower of 7 cubes (6 at 21 mo); scribbles in circular pattern; imitates horizontal stroke; folds paper once imitatively
Language: Puts 3 words together (subject, verb, object)
Social: Handles spoon well; often tells about immediate experiences; helps to undress; listens to stories when shown pictures
What can a 30 mo (2 1/2 yo) do?
Motor: Goes up stairs alternating feet
Adaptive: Makes tower of 9 cubes; makes vertical and horizontal strokes, but generally will not join them to make cross; imitates circular stroke, forming closed figure
Language: Refers to self by pronoun “I”; knows full name
Social: Helps put things away; pretends in play
What can a 3 yo do?
Motor: Rides tricycle; stands momentarily on one foot
Adaptive: Makes tower of 10 cubes; imitates construction of “bridge” of 3 cubes; copies circle; imitates cross
Language: Knows age and sex; counts 3 objects correctly; repeats 3 numbers or a sentence of 6 syllables; most of speech intelligible to strangers
Social: Plays simple games (in “parallel” with other children); helps in dressing (unbuttons clothing and puts on shoes); washes hands
What can a 4 yo (48 mos) do?
Motor: Hops on one foot; throws ball overhand; uses scissors to cut out pictures; climbs well
Adaptive: Copies bridge from model; imitates construction of “gate” of 5 cubes; copies cross and square; draws man with 2 to 4 parts besides head; identifies longer of 2 lines
Language: Counts 4 pennies accurately; tells story
Social: Plays with several children, with beginning of social interaction and role-playing; goes to toilet alone
What can a 5 yo do?
Motor: Skips
Adaptive: Draws triangle from copy; names heavier of 2 weights
Language: Names 4 colors; repeats sentence of 10 syllables; counts 10 pennies correctly
Social: Dresses and undresses; asks questions about meaning of words; engages in domestic role-playing
Cognitive changes starting at 18 mos
Several cognitive changes come together to mark the conclusion of the sensory-motor period
- self-initiated play
- firmly established object permanence
- cause and effect are better understood
Emotional development at 18-24 mos
- rapproachment
- separation anxiety
- use of a transitional object
- Self-conscious awareness and internalized standards of behavior first appear at this age –> the beginning formation of a conscience
Linguistic development in 18-24 mos of age
- Labeling of objects coincides with the advent of symbolic thought
- a child’s vocabulary balloons from 10-15 words at 18 mo to between 50 and 100 at 2 yr
- At this stage, toddlers understand 2-step commands
Physical developments at 18-24 mos
- improvements in balance and agility
- emergence of running and stair climbing
- Height and weight increase at a steady rate during this year
- by 24 mos, height is almost 1/2 the adult height
Cognitive developments at 12-18 mos
- improved dexterity (reaching, grasping, releasing) and mobility
- sensorimotor exploration
- use playthings for its intended purpose
- symbolic play centers on the child’s own body
Physical development at 12-18 mos
- Toddlers have relatively short legs and long torsos, with exaggerated lumbar lordosis and protruding abdomens
- Infants initially toddle with a wide-based gait, with the knees bent and the arms flexed at the elbow; the entire torso rotates with each stride; the toes may point in or out, and the feet strike the floor fla
- genu varus (bowleg) appearance
Emotional development at 12-18 mos
- Toddlers are described as “intoxicated” or “giddy” with their new ability and with the power to control the distance between themselves and their parents
- illustrates Erikson’s stage of autonomy and separation
