G+ Bacilli

Question 1

Spore forming G+ Bacilli

Answer 1

Clostridium
Bacillus anthracis

Question 2

Non- Spore forming Gram + Bacilli

Answer 2

Mycobacterium
Corynebacterium
Bacillus cereus
Listeria

Question 3

are spore forming bacilli that cause disease by release of potent exotoxins

Answer 3

Bacillus anthracis and Clostridium

Question 4

if bacillus enjoys oxygen then what is it called

Answer 4

aerobic

Question 5

a Spore forming bacilli that multiply in an anaerobic environment

Answer 5

Clostridium

Question 6

causes anthrax, a disease that primarily affects herbivores (cows and sheep)
humans are exposed to spores during direct contact with infected animals or soil, or when handling infected animal products, such as hides or wool

Answer 6

Bacillus anthracis

Question 7

Protein of bacillus anthracis

Answer 7

Poly-D glutamic acid

Question 8

used for biological terrorism and warfare
it was used by the Japanese army in Manchuria in 1940

Answer 8

Bacillus anthracis

Question 9

most common route of entry
potent exotoxin causes localized tissue necrosis, evidenced by a painless round black lesion with a rim of edema (malignant pustule)
skin lesion resolves spontaneously in 80-90% of cases
MR = 20%

Answer 9

cutaneous anthrax infection

Question 10

spores are taken up by WBCs in the lungs
Mediastinal hemorrhage & pleural effusions
MR = 90%

Answer 10

Pulmonary anthrax | Woolsorter’s disease

Question 11

MR = 100 %
ingestion of spores from contaminated meat
B. anthracis matures and replicates in intestine, where exotoxin is released
vomiting, abdominal pain, and bloody diarrhea
necrotic lesion within the intestine

Answer 11

Gastrointestinal anthrax

Question 12

Bacillus anthracis Exotoxins

Answer 12

Edema Factor (EF)
Protective antigen (PA)
Lethal Factor (LF)

Question 13

4 Clostridium

Answer 13

Clostridium botulinum
Clostridium tetani
Clostridium perfringens
Clostridium difficile

Question 14

Clostridium botulinum

Answer 14

Botulism

Question 15

produces extremely lethal neurotoxin that causes rapidly fatal food poisoning
neurotoxin blocks release of acetylcholine (ACh) causing flaccid muscle paralysis

Answer 15

Botulism

Question 16

from smoked fish or home-canned vegetables
spores float in air and can land on food
food with spores not cooked sufficiently, placed into an anaerobic environment
(like a glass jar, can, or zip-lock freezer bag)
patients initially develop diplopia & dysphagia

Answer 16

Adult Botulism

Question 17

ingestion of fresh honey contaminated with spores
spores colonizes the infant’s intestinal tract
initially, infant will be constipated for 2 to 3 days
followed by difficulty swallowing and muscle weakness; “floppy” babies
antitoxin is generally not used

Answer 17

Infant Botulism

Question 18

Clostridium tetani

Answer 18

Tetanus

Question 19

disease that follows a puncture wound or skin trauma by any object contaminated with spores in anaerobic environment

Answer 19

Tetanus

Question 20

are commonly found in soil and animal feces

Answer 20

Clostridium tetani

Question 21

exotoxin of clostridium tetani

Answer 21

tetanospasmin

Question 22

tetanospasmin causes a sustained contraction of skeletal muscles called

Answer 22

tetany

Question 23

Clinically, patients with tetanus presents

Answer 23

severe muscle spasms of jaw (trismus, lockjaw)

grotesque grinning expression (risus sardonicus) due to spasm of

facial muscle
severe hyperextension (opisthotonus)

mortality is high once lock jaw has been reached

Question 24

5 steps of therapy of tetanus

Answer 24

Neutralize circulating toxin with human tetanus immune globulins.

Give an immunization booster.

Clean the wound

Antibiotics

Provide intensive supportive
therapy until the toxin is cleared.

Question 25

Clostridium perfringens

Answer 25

Gas gangrene

Question 26

devastated soldiers wounded in battle
spores contaminate wounds from battle or other trauma

Answer 26

Clostridium perfringens

Question 27

anaerobic environment that offers an excellent home for Clostridium perfringens

Answer 27

deep wounds with lots of dead tissue

Question 28

2 classes of infection with Clostridium perfringens:

Answer 28

Cellulitis/wound infection

Clostridial myonecrosis

Question 29

Necrotic skin is exposed to Clostridium perfringens, which grows and damages local tissue

Answer 29

Cellulitis/wound infection

Question 30

Palpation reveals a moist, spongy, crackling consistency to the skin due to pockets of gas; this is called

Answer 30

crepitus

Question 31

trauma into muscle, secretes exotoxins that destroy adjacent muscle. CT scan reveals pockets of gas within the muscles and subcutaneous tissue.

Answer 31

Clostridial myonecrosis

Question 32

Clostridium difficile

Answer 32

Pseudomembranous Enterocolitis

Question 33

pathogen responsible for antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis

Answer 33

Clostridium difficile

Question 34

follows the use of broad spectrum antibiotics (such as ampicillin, clindamycin, and cephalosporins)

Answer 34

Pseudomembranous Enterocolitis

Question 35

Toxin A of Clostridium difficile causes

Answer 35

Diarrhea

Question 36

Toxin B of Clostridium Difficile is

Answer 36

Cytotoxic to Colonic cells

Question 37

disease is characterized by severe diarrhea, abdominal cramping, and fever

Answer 37

Pseudomembranous Enterocolitis