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Further Additional Science > Further Additional Chemistry > Flashcards

Further Additional Chemistry Flashcards

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0
Q

How do you remove temporary hardness?

A

Via boiling, when heated calcium hydrocarbonate decomposes to form calcium carbonate which is insoluble.

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1
Q

What is water hardness caused by?

A

Calcium and magnesium ions

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2
Q

How can forms of ‘hardness’ be softened?

A

Adding washing soda (sodium carbonate, Na2CO3). Added carbonate ions react with Ca2+ and Mg2+. & ion exchange columns, they include lots of sodium/hydrogen ions. These exchange them for calcium or magnesium ions.

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3
Q

What colour is a lithium flame?

A

Crimson

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4
Q

What colour is a sodium flame?

A

Yellow

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5
Q

What colour is a potassium flame?

A

Lilac

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6
Q

What colour is a calcium flame?

A

Red

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7
Q

What colour is a barium flame

A

Green

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8
Q

What is an endothermic reaction?

A

Takes in energy from surroundings.

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9
Q

What is an exothermic reaction?

A

Gives out energy to surroundings

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10
Q

What is the functional group of carboxylic acids?

A

COOH

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11
Q

What’s the functional group of esters?

A

COO

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12
Q

How are esters formed?

A

Alcohol + carboxylic acid -> ester + water

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13
Q

How are ethanoic acids formed?

A

Ethanol + oxygen -> ethanoic acid + water

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14
Q

What’s the functional group of alcohol?

A

OH

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15
Q

What’s an equilibrium?

A

In a reversible reaction both directions of the reaction are happening at the same rate so cancel each other out.

16
Q

How is ammonia created?

A

N2 + 3H2 2NH3 or Nitrogen + hydrogen (+ heat) ammonia

17
Q

How is water treated?

A

Screening, removal of solids and microbes, filtration, chlorination. (Carbon and silver sometime used in homes)

18
Q

What is a halogen?

A

A non-metal with coloured vapours.

19
Q

What is carboxylic acid used for?

A

Longer chains used in soaps and detergents, used to make esters, solvents (although makes solution acidic)

20
Q

What do carboxylic acids do when in contact with water?

A

Dissolve to produce acidic solutions. When dissolved ionises and releases H+ ions but not a lot/completely so forms weak acids.

21
Q

how do you test for carbonates?

A

acid + carbonate -> salt +water + carbon dioxide

22
Q

how do you test for halide ions?

A

add dilute nitric acid followed by silver nitrate solution

23
Q

what precipitate does chloride give off?

A

white precipitate of silver chloride

24
Q

what precipitate does bromide give off?

A

cream precipitate of silver bromide

25
Q

what precipitate does iodide give off?

A

yellow precipitate of silver iodide

26
Q

how do you test for ive+ ions?

A

add metal to a flame and check the flame colour

27
Q

what colour is a calcium2+ precipitate?

A

white

28
Q

what colour is a copper2+ precipitate?

A

blue

29
Q

what colour is an iron2+ precipitate?

A

green

30
Q

what colour is an iron3+ precipitate?

A

brown

31
Q

what colour is a magnesium2+ precipitate?

A

white

32
Q

what colour is an aluminium3+ precipitate?

A

white at first and then re-dissolves

33
Q

how do you measure a fuels energy?

A

using calorimetry. record initial temp of water in a can and weigh spirit burner and lid. Then light it until the temperature is 50 degrees. put out the flame and measure final temperature and weight of spirit burner and lid.

34
Q

How do you test for metal ions that are positive?

A

Use the precipitate test. Add few drops of sodium hydroxide to the mystery compound to turn it insoluble

35
Q

What colour is a fluorine gas?

A

Yellow

36
Q

What colour is a chlorine gas?

A

Dense green gas

37
Q

What colour is a bromine gas?

A

Red-brown volatile liquid

38
Q

What colour is a iodine gas?

A

A dark grey crystalline solid or a purple vapour

Further Additional Science (3 decks)

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