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Organisms and Environment > Fungi and Plants > Flashcards

Fungi and Plants Flashcards

1
Q

Why have some plants become carnivores?

A

An adaptive strategy to a low nutrient supply.

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2
Q

What do anoxic and hypoxic mean in relation to soil that plants grow in?

A

Anoxic- total depletion in the level of oxygen

Hypoxic- low levels of oxygen

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3
Q

What is holocarnivory and hemicarnivory?

A

Holocarnivory- carnivorous plants which secrete their own digestive enzymes

Hemicarnivory- do not secrete their own digestive enzymes

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4
Q

Describe the main component of enzyme secreting glands.

A

Enzyme secreting glands are densely cytoplasmic, multicellular structures embedded into the epidermis.

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5
Q

How do carnivorous plants use UV to trap prey?

A

-Traps have cryptic UV absorption patterns like flowers do (as the insects see in UV) (to make them interested in the plant and bring them closer to be entrapped)

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6
Q

What do kleptoparasites do to carnivorous plants?

A

They steal prey from the pitchers.

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7
Q

Why do carnivorous plants usually have a slow growth rate?

A

They are in low nitrogen environments, it is inefficient to have a fast rate of growth which is very nitrogen expensive.

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8
Q

Why are roots important for carnivorous plants?

A

The soil supplements minerals which animal sourced nutrients cannot provide

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9
Q

What are bryophytes and tracheophytes?

A

Brophytes- non vascular plants

Tracheophytes- Plants that have vascular tissue so they can transport water to all over the plant so can therefore live in conditions where water is further away

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10
Q

What is an angiosperm?

A

Flowering plant

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11
Q

What is an embryophyte?

A

Land plants that maintain the embryo in the maternal tissues

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12
Q

Gametangia enclose gametes in plants. Name the male and female gametes structures in plants. (Also, where are eggs stored)?

A

Antheridia- contains sperm

Archegonia- contains eggs stored in the VENTER.

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13
Q

Which pigments protect plants against UV radiation?

A

Flavonoids deposited in the upper epidermis which are dark pigments which absorb the UV.

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14
Q

What is sporopollenin and where is it found?

A

A chemically inert biological polymer which is a major component of the tough outer walls of plant spores.

Protects against decay and dessicaton (even strong acid cannot destroy it)

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15
Q

Describe what it meant by the alternation of generations in plants.

A

The fluctuation between the diploid and haploid stages (sporophyte and gametophyte). Sporophytes and gametophytes are both the same organism but they have completely different body plans.

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16
Q

What is a sporophyte?

A

The asexual and usually diploid body form, producing spores from which the gametophyte arises

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17
Q

What is a gametophyte?

A

The gamete-producing and usually haploid phase, producing the zygote from which the sporophyte arises

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18
Q

Which alternation of generations phase is most dominant in the two types of plants (bryophyte and tracheophytes)?

A

Bryophyte- gametophyte stage dominant

Tracheophytes- sporophyte stage dominant

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19
Q

Which stage out of sporophyte and gametophyte is haploid and which is diploid?

A

Diploid- sporophyte

Haploid- gametophyte

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20
Q

What are rhizoids and what do they do?

A

Filamentous outgrowths of root hair in plants which anchor the plant and conduct water.

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21
Q

What are angiosperms and gymnosperms?

A

Gymnosperms- plants with seeds and NO flowers which are haploid

Angiosperms-plants that have seeds AND flowers and are triploid

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22
Q

What are bryophytes and tracheophytes?

A

Bryophytes- non vascular plants

Tracheophytes- vascular plants

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23
Q

What is a heterosporous plant?

A

A plant which produces distinct male microspores and female megaspores.

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24
Q

What is pollen produced by?

A

The strobilli, which is often a cone e.g. in pine and fir species.

25
Q

What are monocotyledonous plants and dicotyledonous plants?

A

Monocotyledonous- have petals and other floral parts present in multiples of 3

Dicotyledonous- have petals and other floral parts present in multiples of 5 or in large numbers.

26
Q

What type of characteristic fertilisation do angiosperms undergo? What is produced after this process?

A

They undergo double fertilisation which produces triploid tissues.

This produces triploid tissue called the endosperm.

27
Q

Which stages out of sporophyte and gametophyte are dominant in tracheophytes and bryophyte species?

A

Bryophyte- dominant gametophyte stage

Tracheophytes- dominant sporophyte stage.

28
Q

Why can seeds survive better than unprotected spores?

A
  • Tough seed coat

- Food supply

29
Q

What is a carpel?

A

Female reproductive organ of a flower usually comprising of an ovary, a stigma and a style

(Style= long slender stalk that connects the stigma and the ovary)

30
Q

What is the endosperm?

A

Part of the seed which acts as food storage for the developing embryo

Usually contains starch, proteins and other nutrients

31
Q

What is the stamen?

A

The male fertilizing organ of a flower, typically consisting of a pollen-containing anther and a filament.

32
Q

What is the peduncle?

A

The stalk bearing a flower or fruit

33
Q

What are sepals?

A

Each of the parts of the calyx of a flower, enclosing the petals and typically green and leaf-like. (Green part covering the petals when flower is not open).

34
Q

What are tepals?

A

A segment of the outer whorl in a flower that has no differentiation between petals and sepals.

35
Q

What is a pedicel?

A

Small stalk bearing an individual flower

36
Q

What is a gametangium?

A

Specialised organ or cell in which gametes are formed e.g. in ferns

Antheridia - male sex organ

Archegonia - female sex organ

37
Q

What is a synapomorphy?

A

A similar/ common characteristic

38
Q

What are the two mating types of fungi and how do these allow fungi to mate?

A

Plus and minus mating types.

If you are of the same mating type, you cannot reproduce but you can reproduce if you are different mating types

39
Q

What are two common characteristics (synapomorphies) of fungi?

A
  • Have chitin in their cell walls

- Absorb nutrients from their surroundings.

40
Q

What is plasmogamy?

A

The fusion of the cytoplasm between two hyphae, without the nuclei fusing.

41
Q

Explain what is meant by dikaryotic state.

A

When there are two haploid nuclei in the cell.

42
Q

What are hyphae?

A

Each of the branching filaments that make up the mycelium of a fungus.

43
Q

What is a mycelium?

A

Mycelium is the vegetative part of a fungus or fungus-like bacterial colony, consisting of a mass of branching, thread-like hyphae.

44
Q

What kind of hyphae do parasitic fungi produce?

A

Parasitic fungi produce specialised invasive hyphae called haustoria.

45
Q

Are fungi heterotrophic?

A

Yes.

46
Q

What are septae hypha?

A

Separations between nuclei in mycelium

47
Q

What is meant by the term mycorrhizae?

A

A symbiotic interaction between plant roots and fungi (e.g. rhizoids). Fungi get sugars from leaky roots and allow the plants to reach larger areas.

48
Q

What is endomicorrhizae?

A

When the hyphae penetrate the cells of the root (however the cytoplasm is only deeply invaginated, not penetrated).

49
Q

Which enzyme takes CO2 from the atmosphere and fixes it in plants as sugars (carbohydrates)?

A

Rubisco.

50
Q

What are the two important sources of nitrogen for plants?

A

NH4+ and NO3-

ammonium and nitrate

51
Q

What are the two ways nitrogen can be fixed, biologically?

A

Free living nitrogen fixing bacteria.

Mutualistic nitrogen fixing bacteria.

52
Q

What is ammonification?

A

-Microorganisms break down organic matter into NH4+

53
Q

What is nitrification?

A

Oxidation of ammonium to nitrite. Further oxidation of nitrite into nitrate. This is an aerobic process.

54
Q

What is denitrification?

A

Denitrifying bacteria reduce nitrites and nitrates into nitrogen gas or nitrogen oxides.

55
Q

How is nitrogen incorporated into organic molecules?

A

-Amide group (NH2) from NH4+ is added to glutamate, forming glutamine.

Catalysed by glutamine synthetase

56
Q

Once glutamate has been converted to glutamine how can the nitrogen be transferred to other molecules? (Hint: what is the name of the reactions)?

A

Through transamination reactions.

57
Q

Once ammonium has been absorbed though the roots, why must it be incorporated by glutamine synthetase quickly?

A

Because ammonia is toxic and cannot be accumulated in cells in large concentrations.

58
Q

What are the two ways that nitrate can be incorporated? (Hint: where does the incorporation occur?)

A
  • Reduced to ammonium in the roots and incorporated immediately then transported to other parts of the plants as amino acids
  • Transported through xylem to leaves to be incorporated there?
59
Q

How do root nodules with rhizobium form?

A
  • Root emits chemical signals which attract rhizobium
  • Bacteria emit signals causing the root hairs to elongate, forming an INFECTION THREAD.
  • Bacteria penetrate through infection thread
  • Growth occurs in infected regions forming vesicles containing bacteria
  • Mases of dividing cells fuse to form a nodule
  • Nodules continue to grow and become supplied by xylem and phloem

Organisms and Environment (8 decks)

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