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Organisms and Environment > Body Plans > Flashcards

Body Plans Flashcards

1
Q

What are metazoans?

A

Animals whose bodies are composed of cells differentiated into tissues and organs, usually a digestive cavity lined with specialised cells.

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2
Q

What is an opisthokont? Give an example of an opisthokont.

A

An animal which, if has a flagellum, it is posterior, like a sperm.

An example is a choanoflagellate.

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3
Q

Describe the most important feature of a choanoflagellate

A

A collar of actin filled microvilli surrounding the flagellum.

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4
Q

How do sponges feed? How does this structure work?

A

They filter feed using choanocyte cells. These cells have a flagellum surrounded by a collar of microvilli. These are used to create water currents and capture food particles.

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5
Q

In sponges, what type of cleavage occurs in the embryos? What type of symmetry occurs in the adult form?

A

Radial cleavage in the embryo (zygote divides in even pattern).

There is usually no symmetry- asymmetrical.

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6
Q

Describe the function of these cells present in sponges:

  • Porocytes
  • Choanocytes
  • Archaeocytes
  • Spicule
  • Pinacocyte
A
  • Porocytes- tubular cells making up the pores
  • Choanocytes- filter feeding cells with flagella and microvilli
  • Archaeocytes-the foundation of cellular differentiation in all sponge cells.
  • Spicule-provide structural support
  • Pinacocyte-flattened cells containing many granules; capable of contracting to alter the dimensions of the sponge.
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7
Q

How to ctenophores (comb jellies) feed?

A

Feeding tentacles covered with cells that discharge sticky material when contacted by prey. Tentacle retracted to mouth when food captured. In some species entire body is covered with sticky mucus.

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8
Q

Name a cellular structure in cnidarians which allows them to be predators.

A

Cnidocyte cells which contain organelles called nematocysts (cnidocysts) which can inject toxins into prey.

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9
Q

Describe a cnidarian lifecycle.

A

The sessile asexual polyp alternates with the medusa jellyfish like form.

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10
Q

How do corals flourish in nutrient poor waters?

A

Endosymbiotic relationships with unicellular photosynthetic protists which live inside the cells in th polyp

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11
Q

How are hard corals formed?

A

They secrete an organic matrix on which calcium carbonate is deposited.

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12
Q

What is coral bleaching and what causes it?

A

Coral death and loss of colour due to a change in temperature, causing the zooxanthellae (unicellular photosynthetic protists) to be expelled.

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13
Q

What re diploblasts and triploblasts and what kinds of tissues of they form?

A

Diploblasts have two germ layers- the endoderm and ectoderm.

Triploblasts have three germ laters- the endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm

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14
Q

What type of symmetry do diploblasts and triploblasts exhibit?

A

Diploblasts: radial symmetry
Triploblasts: bilateral symmetry

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15
Q

What is the process called by which the three (or two) germ layers are formed?

A

Gastrulation

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16
Q

What characterises protostomes and deuterosomes?

A

Protosomes- In the blastula stage, the embryonic blastopore becomes the mouth.

Deuterosomes- * In the blastula stage, the embryonic blastopore becomes the anus

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17
Q

What type of embryonic cleavage occurs in protostomes and deuterosomes?

A

Protostomes- spiral cleavage

Deuterosomes- radial cleavage

18
Q

What’s the difference between coelomate, acoelomate and psuedocoelomate

A

Coelomate- has fluid filled body cavity surrounded by a muscle layer covering the organs plus an outside muscle layer

Acoelomate- no fluid filled body cavity

Psuedocoelomate- have a fluid filled space in which internal organs are suspended. This is enclosed by muscles on the outside but not on the inside

19
Q

What is a hydrostatic skeleton?

A

The system of support found in soft bodied invertebrates which relies on the incompressibility of the fluids in the body cavity which provides support for the internal organs

20
Q

Give examples of platyhelminthes. Are they coelomate? How does their gut system work?

A

Flat worms, flukes and tapeworms.
Are acoelomate.

Their mouth leads to a ‘blind end’ but they have highly branched guts which leads to a large surface area for absorption. (pharyngeal opening serves as both mouth and anus.)

21
Q

What are flame cells and what do they do?

A

Specialised semipermeable cells which provide basic ultrafiltration, like a kidney. Allows flow down excretory canals due to cilia.

22
Q

How do rotifera feed?

A

Have a corona of cillia around the mouth which draws a vortex of water into the mouth . Method of filter feeding.

23
Q

Describe what is meant by metametic segmentation in true worms (annelida).

A

The repetition of organs and tissues at intervals along the body of an animal, thus dividing the body into a linear series of similar parts or segments (metameres).

24
Q

What are the three main components of the body plans of molluscs? Describe these features.

A
  • Muscular foot- flat structure used for crawling
  • Visceral mass- the soft, nonmuscular metabolic region of the mollusc. It contains the body organs.
  • Mantle- covers the visceral mass and secretes the calcareous shell
25
Q

What is the radula of a mollusc and what is it used for?

A

Used for feeding. Compared to a tongue- chitinous, toothed ribbon which is used for scraping or cutting food before it enters the oesophagus.

26
Q

What are trochophore larvae and in which phylum are they frequently found.

A

Trochophore larvae are a type of free swimming planktonic marine larvae with several bands of cilia.. Common in bryozoa.

27
Q

what are bryozoa?

A

Marine invertebrate filter feeders usually showing a lophophore apparatus- a crown of tentacles with cilia used for feeding.

28
Q

What are bivalves?

A

Aquatic mollusc which has a compressed body enclosed within a hinged shell such as oysters, muscles and scallops

29
Q

What is the difference between brachiopods and bivalves?

A

Brachiopods are marine invertebrates which have hard shells on the upper and lower surfaces unlike the right and left arrangement in bivalve molluscs

30
Q

What is meant by hemimetabolous and holometabolous?

A

Hemimetabolous- no pupal stage

Holometabolous- Has a pupal stage in the transition from large to adult.

31
Q

Describe basic body plan features of homalozoans and echinoderms. (e.g. symmetry etc)

A

Homalozoans- pharyngeal slits, bilateral symmetry

Echinoderms- pentaradial symmetry.

32
Q

Describe the three part body system of hemichordates.

A
  • Proboscis
    • Nose of a mammal, especially when it is elongated and mobile such as the trunk of an elephant
  • Collar
    • The middle part
  • Trunk
    • Contains a looped digestive system
33
Q

How did the gills of fish evolve?

A

Jaws evolved from the migration of cartilaginous arches

34
Q

What is the advantage to the development of the amniotic egg?

A
  • Development of amniotic egg allows amniotes to colonise dry terrestrial environments
    • Impermeable to water and allows embryo to develop whilst allowing gaseous exchange, storage of waste products and and provision of food storage
35
Q

What are the three groups of mammals?

A
  • Prototheria
    • lack a placenta, lay eggs, hatched young lick milk that oozes from mammary gland (no nipple), poor thermoregulation, e.g. duck billed platypus
  • Marsupialia
    • Short uterine development, young climb to pouch and suckle
  • Eutheria
    • Young born in advanced state after uterine development (e.g. monkeys, humans)
36
Q

What is a notochord?

A

Cartilaginous skeletal rod supporting the body in all embryonic and some adult chordate animals

37
Q

What is a pharyngeal basket?

A

Pharyngeal gill formed into a mesh like basket to form a feeding structure

38
Q

What is a proboscis?

A

Nose of a mammal, especially when long and mobile such as an elephant’s trunk or the snout of a tapir

39
Q

What are pedicellaria ?

A

A defensive organ like a minute pincer present in large numbers on an echinoderm

40
Q

What are hox genes?

A

Group of related genes that control the body plan along the head tail axis (crania-caudal axis)

41
Q

What is cephalisation?

A

Concentration of sense organs to the anterior end of the body, forming a head and brain (during evolution AND embryonic development

Organisms and Environment (8 decks)

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