Fungi

Question 1

What are fungi

Answer 1

Unicellular or multicellular filamentous with apical growth

Question 2

What are multicellular fungi made of

Answer 2

Hyphae (cells joined by thread-like strands)

Question 3

How do fungi feed

Answer 3

Absorption by secreting hydrolytic enzymes that break down complex molecules

Question 4

Chitin and glucans

Answer 4

Distinctive range of wall components

Question 5

Trehalose, mannitol and glycogen

Answer 5

Carbohydrates and storage compounds

Question 6

Heterotrophs

Answer 6

Need preformed organic compounds as energy sources and also carbon skeletons for cellular synthesis

Question 7

Saprotrophs

Answer 7

Feed on dead tissues or organic wastes

Question 8

Mutualists

Answer 8

Mycorrhizas- plant and fungus

Endophytic fungi - plant and fungus

Lichens - photosynthetic partner and fungus

Question 9

Parasites or pathogens

Answer 9

Feed on living tissues of plants, animals and other fungi

Question 10

Reproduction

Answer 10

By spores
Either asexually or sexually

Question 11

Classification of fungi

Answer 11

A kingdom
Monophyletic group
More closely related to animals than plants
Ancestor was unicellular
7 to 9 major lineages + other groups of non-fully resolved affinity

Question 12

Mucoromycotina (aka zygomycota)

Answer 12

Saprobes, some parasites, some forming ectomycorrhizas

Some important food spoilers, some are used to produce lipids or carotenoids for the industry.

Question 13

Glomeromycota

Answer 13

Cell walls of chitin and glucans
No sexual reproduction known
Obligate mutualists of plants  arbuscular mycorrhizas
Plant gives carbon to the fungus in exchange for nutrients from the soil

Question 14

Mycelium

Answer 14

Network of hyphae

Question 15

Ascomycota

Answer 15

Cell walls of chitin and glucans
Reproduction by asexual spores (mitospores) and sexual spores (ascospores) produced in ascus (pl. asci).
Decomposers, plant, animal and fungal pathogens, plant mutualists

Question 16

Basidiomycota

Answer 16

Cell walls of chitin and glucans
Reproduction by asexual spores (mitospores) and sexual spores (basidiospores) produced in basidia (sing. basidium).
Decomposers, plant, animal and fungal pathogens, plant mutualists

Question 17

Nuclei of true fungi

Answer 17

Haploid

Question 18

Cell membrane of true fungi

Answer 18

Ergosterol

Question 19

Cell walls of true fungi

Answer 19

Chitin and glucans

Question 20

Storage compounds of fungi

Answer 20

Polyols
Trehalose

Question 21

Oomycota

Answer 21

Important plant and animal pathogens

Question 22

Myxomycota

Answer 22

Plasmodial slime moulds
Very common in autumn, they feed on bacteria and other food particles by phagocytosis

Question 23

Soft-rot fungi

Answer 23

Degrade cellulose, leaving a rhomboidal pattern

Question 24

Brown-rot fungi

Answer 24

Degrade cellulose and hemicellulose, leaving a brick-like pattern

Question 25

White-rot fungi

Answer 25

Degrade lignin

Question 26

Importance of fungi

Answer 26

Decomposers Nutrient recyclers Muralists to improve plant growth Fungal products such as cheese, mushrooms Plant, animal and human pathogens

Question 27

Nutrient recyclers

Answer 27

Nitrogen: most fungi have the ability to degrade chitin (chitinase), ectomycorrhizal fungi assimilates N from soil organic matter, some have denitrification activities Phosphorus: some have phosphatases and phytases

Question 28

Plasmogamy

Answer 28

Fusion of cytoplasm between to mycelium Becomes heterokaryotic stage

Question 29

Karyogamy

Answer 29

Fusion of nuclei from heterokaryotic stage Haploid —> diploid Meiosis to then produce spores

Question 30

Mitospores

Answer 30

Asexual spores

Question 31

Ascospores

Answer 31

Sexual spores

Question 32

2 groups that are not true-fungi

Answer 32

Oomycota Myxomycota

Question 33

Why are Oomycota not true fungi

Answer 33

Cell walls - glucans and cellulose Nuclei - diploid Cell membrane - plant sterols Storage compounds- mycolaminarin Flaggellated spore

Question 34

Why are myxomycota not true fungi

Answer 34

Cells wall - no cell wall Nuclei - diploid Stager compound - glycogen

Question 35

4 main groups of fungi

Answer 35

Mucoromycotina Glomeromycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota

Question 36

Composition of decaying wood

Answer 36

50% cellulose 25% hemicellulose 25% lignin

Question 37

What type of fungi produce soft-rot and white-rot

Answer 37

Ascomycota

Question 38

What type of fungi produce brown-rot

Answer 38

Basidiomycota