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Microbiology and Parasitology > FUNGI > Flashcards

FUNGI Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

______ are in the Fungi kingdom.

A

fungi

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2
Q

They are ___________ and acquire food by _______.

A

Chemoheterotrophs
Absorption

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3
Q

With the
_______ of yeasts, fungi are ________. Most reproduce with ______ and _______ spores.

A

exception
multicellular
sexual
asexual

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4
Q

_______ colonies are described as __________structures because they’re composed of the cells involved in
_________ and _________.

A

Fungal
Vegetative
catabolism
growth

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5
Q

Characteristics of fungi

A

molds and fleshy fungi
yeast

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6
Q

the body of a mold or fleshy fungus and it can grow to immense proportions.

A

thallus

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7
Q

long filaments of cells joined together

A

hyphae (hypha)

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8
Q

Under thallus:
Hyphae, in most molds, containing cross-walls called septa (sing. septum), which divide them into distinct, uninucleate (one-nucleus) cell-like units.

A

Septate hyphae

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9
Q

hyphae, in most molds, containing ________ called ______ (sing. septum), which divide them into distinct, _________ (one-nucleus) cell-like units

A

cross-walls
septa
uninucleate

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10
Q

Hyphae, in a few classes of fungi, containing no septa and appear as long, continuous cells with
many nuclei.

A

Coenocytic (or nonseptate) hyphae

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11
Q

hyphae, in a few classes of fungi, containing __ ______and appear as long, ________cells with many nuclei

A

no septa
continuous

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12
Q

_______ grow by elongating at the _____.

A

Hyphae
tips

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13
Q

Each part of a hypha is capable of _______, and when a _______ breaks off, it can elongate to form a _____ hypha.

A

growth
fragments
new

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14
Q

In the laboratory, fungi are usually grown from fragments
_______ from a fungal ______.

A

obtained
thallus

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15
Q

(a) Septate hyphae have cross-walls, or septa, dividing the hyphae into cell-like units.
(b) Coenocytic hyphae lack septa.
(c) Hyphae grow by elongating at the tips.

A

Characteristics of fungal hyphae

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16
Q

portion of a hypha that obtains nutrients

A

Vegetative hypha

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17
Q

portion concerned with reproduction, so named because it projects above the surface of the
medium on which the fungus is growing

A

Reproductive (or aerial) hypha

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18
Q

the hyphae grow to form this filamentous mass when environmental conditions are suitable,
which is visible to the unaided eye

A

mycelium

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19
Q

example of Aerial hyphae

A

Aspergillus niger

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20
Q
  • non-filamentous, unicellular; spherical or oval
  • widely distributed; frequently white powdery coating on fruits and leaves
A

yeast

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21
Q
  • capable of facultative anaerobic growth; ferment carbohydrates and produce ethanol (brewed
    beverages) and CO2 (leavening bread dough)
A

yeasts

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22
Q
  • can perform aerobic respiration to metabolize carbohydrates into carbon dioxide and water
A

yeasts

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23
Q

_______ yeasts (such as _________)

A

Budding
Saccharomyces

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24
Q

In ______, the parent cell forms a ________ (bud) on its outer surface. As the bud elongates, the parent cell’s nucleus _____, and one nucleus _______ into the bud. Cell wall material is then laid down between the bud and parent cell, and the bud eventually breaks away

A

budding
protuberance
divides
migrates

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25
Q

Some yeasts produce buds that fail to ______ themselves; these buds form a _______ chain of cells called a
__________.

A

detach
short
pseudohypha

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26
Q

_______ ________attaches to human epithelial cells as a yeast but usually requires
pseudohyphae to invade deeper tissues.

A

Candida albicans

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27
Q

______ yeasts (such as _______________-)

A

Fission
Schizosaccharomyces

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28
Q

During ______, the parent cell ________, its nucleus divides,
and____offspring cells evenly divided are produced.

A

fission
elongates
two

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29
Q

____ dimorphism. Dimorphism in the fungus Mucor indicus depends on ___ concentration. On the agar
surface, Mucor exhibits yeastlike growth, but in the agar
where CO2 from metabolism has accumulated, it is moldlike

A

fungal
CO2

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30
Q

Dimorphic Fungi

A

Pathogenic species, exhibit dimorphism – two forms of growth, that is temperature-dependent, either as a
mold (37°C; produce vegetative and aerial hyphae) or as a yeast (25°C; reproduce by budding).

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31
Q

Dimorphism

A

two forms of growth, that is temperature-dependent, either as a
mold (37°C; produce vegetative and aerial hyphae) or as a yeast (25°C; reproduce by budding)

32
Q

Filamentous fungi can reproduce asexually by fragmentation of their hyphae. Sexual and asexual
reproduction in fungi occurs by the formation of spores. Spores are formed from aerial hyphae in a number of different ways, depending on the species. Fungal spores can be either asexual or sexual. Fungi are
usually identified by spore type.

A

LIFE CYCLE

33
Q

_____ _____ formed by the hyphae of one organism. Such spores are produced through mitosis and
subsequent cell division; there is no fusion of the nuclei of cells. When these spores germinate, they
become organisms that are genetically identical to the parent.

A

Asexual spores

34
Q

2 types of asexual pores

A
  1. Conidiospore, or conidium
  2. sporangiospores
35
Q

-Conidia formed by the fragmentation of a septate hypha into single, slightly thickened cells
▪ e.g.: Coccidioides immitis

A

Anthroconidia

36
Q

▪ a unicellular or multicellular spore that is not enclosed in a sac
▪ produced in a chain at the end of a conidiophore
▪ e.g.: Penicillium, Aspergillus

A

Conidiospore, or conidium

37
Q

▪ conidia formed from the buds of its parent cell
▪ found in some yeasts, such as C. albicans and Cryptococcus

A

Blastoconidia

38
Q

▪ a thick-walled spore formed by rounding and enlargement within a hyphal segment
▪ e.g.: C. albicans

A

Chlamydoconidia

39
Q

▪ formed within a sporangium, or sac, at the end of an aerial hypha called a sporangiophore
▪ e.g.: Rhizopus

A

Sporangiospores

40
Q

_______ ______ result from the fusion of nuclei from two opposite mating strains of the same species of
fungus and so are made less frequently than asexual spores. Organisms that grow from sexual spores will have genetic characteristics of both parental strains.

A

sexual spores

41
Q
  1. Plasmogamy. A haploid nucleus of a donor cell (+) penetrates the cytoplasm of a recipient cell (-).
  2. Karyogamy. The (+) and (-) nuclei fuse to form a diploid zygote nucleus.
  3. Meiosis. The diploid nucleus gives rise to haploid nuclei (sexual spores), some of which may be
    genetic recombinants
A

Three phases

42
Q

A haploid nucleus of a donor cell (+) penetrates the cytoplasm of a recipient cell (-).

A

Plasmogamy

43
Q

The (+) and (-) nuclei fuse to form a diploid zygote nucleus.

A

Karyogamy

44
Q

The diploid nucleus gives rise to haploid nuclei (sexual spores), some of which may be
genetic recombinants.

A

Meiosis

45
Q

The life cycle of _______, a zygomycete.

A

Rhizopus

46
Q
  • usu. grow better in an environment with a pH of about 5
  • almost all molds are aerobic; most yeasts are facultative anaerobes
  • resistant to osmotic pressure; most can grow in relatively high sugar or salt concentrations
  • grow on substances with a very low moisture content
  • require somewhat less nitrogen
  • metabolizes complex carbohydrates, such as lignin
A

Environmental requirements and nutritional characteristics:

47
Q

Medically important fungi

A

Teleomorphs and Anamorphs

48
Q

fungi that can produce both sexual and asexual spores.

A

Teleomorphs

49
Q

▪ or conjugation fungi, are saprophytic molds that have coenocytic hyphae
▪ asexual spores – conidia, chlamydoconidia, sporangiospores

A
  1. Zygomycota/Zygomycetes
50
Q

▪ large sexual spores enclosed in a thick wall called a zygosporangia
▪ this forms when the nuclei of two cells that are morphologically similar to each other fuse

A

Zygospores

51
Q

▪ lack mitochondria; don’t have microtubules
▪ obligate intracellular parasites
▪ sexual reproduction has not been observed but probably occurs within the host
▪ chronic diarrhea and keratoconjunctivitis, most notably in AIDS patient

A
  1. Microsporidia
52
Q

The life cycle of ___________, a microsporidian

A

Encephalitozoon

53
Q

an emerging opportunistic
infection in immunocompromised patients and the elderly. E. intestinalis causes diarrhea.

A

Microsporidiosis

54
Q

▪ or sac fungi, include molds with septate hyphae and some yeasts
▪ asexual spores – conidia

A
  1. Ascomycota/Ascomycetes
55
Q

▪ sexual spores are produced in a saclike structure called an ascus (pl. asci)
▪ this forms when the nuclei of two cells that can be either morphologically similar or
dissimilar fuse

A

Ascospores

56
Q

The life cycle of ________, an ascomycete.

A

Talaromyces

57
Q

▪ or club fungi, possess septate hyphae
▪ this phylum includes fungi that produce mushrooms
▪ asexual spores – conidia

A
  1. Basidiomycota/Basidiomycetes
58
Q

▪ formed externally on a base pedestal and is club-shaped called a basidium (pl. basidia)

A

Basidiospores

59
Q

▪ some ascomycetes (and a few are basidiomycetes) have lost the ability to reproduce sexually

A

Anamorphs

60
Q

▪ any fungal infection
▪ generally chronic (long-lasting) infections because fungi grow slowly

A

Mycosis

61
Q
  1. Systemic Mycoses
  2. Subcutaneous mycoses
  3. Cutaneous mycoses (dermatomycoses)
  4. Superficial mycoses
  5. opportunistic mycoses
A

Classification according to the degree of tissue involvement and mode of entry into the host:

62
Q

▪ deep within the body; not restricted to any particular region of the body but can affect a
number of tissues and organs
▪ usu. caused by fungi that live in the soil
▪ spores are transmitted by inhalation; these infections typically begin in the lungs and then
spread to other body tissues
▪ not contagious from animal to human or from human to human
▪ histoplasmosis coccidioidomycosis

A

systemic mycoses

63
Q

▪ beneath the skin caused by saprophytic fungi that live in soil and on vegetation
▪ infection occurs by direct implantation of spores or mycelial fragments into a puncture
wound in the skin.
▪ sporotrichosis

A

Subcutaneous mycoses

64
Q

▪ fungi that infect only the epidermis, hair, and nails
▪ secrete keratinase, an enzyme that degrades keratin, a protein found in hair, skin, and
nails

A

Cutaneous mycoses or dermatomycoses

65
Q

▪ fungal infection localized in surface epidermal cells and along hair shafts

A

superficial mycoses

66
Q

▪ generally harmless in its normal habitat but can become pathogenic in a host who is
seriously debilitated or traumatized, who is under treatment with broad-spectrum
antibiotics, whose immune system is suppressed by drugs or by an immune disorder, or
who has a lung disease
▪ Pneumocystis (pneumocystis pneumonia, PCP), Stachybotrys, Rhizopus and Mucor
(mucormycosis), Aspergillus (aspergillosis), Cryptococcus, Penicillium, C. albicans (yeast
infection, or candidiasis)

A

opportunistic mycoses

67
Q

Fungi are beneficial.

A

-food chain
-symbiosis
-fungi-farming ants
-human use fungi for food and produce foods and drugs
-used in biotechnology
-used as biological control of pests

68
Q

________ decompose
the hard parts of plants which animals can’t digest.

A

Cellulases

69
Q

________, the symbiotic fungi, help plant roots absorb minerals and water from soil.

A

Myccorhizae

70
Q

Fungi-farming ants ______ fungi that break down cellulose and lignin from plants, providing _______ that the ants can then digest.

A

cultivate
glucose

71
Q

Humans use fungi for food (______) and to produce foods (bread; ______ _______ – citric acid) and drugs (alcohol and _______; _______ – anticancer drug taxol).

A

mushrooms
Aspergillus niger
Alcohol
Taxomyces

72
Q

___________ cerevisiae is used to make
bread and wine; genetically modified to produce a variety of proteins, including ________
vaccine

A

Sacchromyces
hepatitis B

73
Q

__________ is used produce the enzyme cellulase, which is used to _______ plant cell walls to produce a clear______juice.

A

Trichoderma
remove
fruit

74
Q

___________ minitans feeds on fungi that destroy soybeans and other bean crops.

A

Coniothyrium

75
Q

A foam filled with _______ fumosoroseus kill termites hiding
inside tree trunks and other hard-to-reach places

A

Paecilomyces

76
Q

fungi can have undesirable effects.

A
  • Mold spoilage of fruits, grains, and vegetables is more common than bacterial spoilage of these
    products.
  • Many fungi cause diseases plants.
  • Of the more than 100,000 species of fungi, only about 200 are pathogenic to humans and animals.
    However, over the last 10 years, the incidence of serious fungal infections has been increasing
    occurring in health care settings and in people with compromised immune systems.

Microbiology and Parasitology (5 decks)

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