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BFOM Exam 3 > Fungal Pathogens > Flashcards

Fungal Pathogens Flashcards

1
Q

Explain the significance of fungal pathogens as opportunistic infections

A

.

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2
Q

What is mycology?

A

study of fungi

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3
Q

What is a yeast?

A

unicellular fungi

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4
Q

What is hyphae?

A

multicellular filaments (mold)

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5
Q

What are dimorphic fungi?

A

alternate between yeast and mold forms

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6
Q

What is mycelium?

A

collection of hyphae (mushrooms)

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7
Q

What is mycosis?

A

fungal infection

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8
Q

What is mycosis?

A

fungal infection

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9
Q

How does yeast reproduce?

A

budding, fission, sexual spores

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10
Q

What is pseudohypha?

A

chain of yeast cells, there was no cytokinesis

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11
Q

How does mold reproduce?

A

asexual spores, sexual spores

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12
Q

Asexual spores

A
  • sporangiospores wrapped in “sporangium”
  • spread when sporangium bursts
  • wind/water dispersed
  • arthrospores - every other compartment turns into a spore
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13
Q

Sexual spores

A
  • zygospores (bread mold) (undergoes meiosis then mitosis)
  • ascospores (baker’s yeast) (looks like a sac)
  • basidiospores (mushrooms) (looks like a club)
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14
Q

What is a zygospore?

A

fusion of 2 gametes of a zygomycete

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15
Q

Types of Aspergillus spores (an Ascomycete)

A
  • asexual reproduction: conidiospores

- may form sexual spores via meiosis (usually in fruiting body

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16
Q

Describe and give examples of superficial mycoses

A
  • spread via contact
    • skin: athlete’s foot, ringworms
    • mucous membranes: vaginal candidiasis
17
Q

Describe and give examples of subcutaneous mycoses

A
  • spread through broken skin
    • mycetoma foot
    • sporotrichosis (from thorn or twig)
18
Q

Describe and give examples of system mycoces

A
  • spread through inhalation
  • mostly in immunocompromised
    • cryptococcal meningitis
    • pulmonary aspergillosis
19
Q

Why is system mycoces often overlooked?

A

insidious onset

primary diseases

20
Q

Describe dermatophytes

A
  • prefer keratin

- asexual spores

21
Q

Candida albicans

A
  • dimorphic fungi
  • diaper rash, vaginal yeast infection
  • can develop on medical devices/prosthetics
22
Q

Describe characteristics of systemic fungal infections spread via inhalation

A
  • grow in soil, enhanced in bird/bat droppings
  • geographically restricted
  • thermal dimorphism: hyphae at environmental temps
  • mild symproms in healthy people; disseminate to skin and other organs in immunocompromised
  • chronic, hard to diagnose
  • Cryptococcus neoformans, Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidioides immitis, Blastomyces dermatidis, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
23
Q

What illness does Cryptococcosis define and describe a few characteristics

A
  • AIDS
  • polysaccharide capsule and melanin
  • neurotropic, spreads to CNS
  • most common systemic myoces
24
Q

How does Cryptococcosis evade phagocytosis?

A

polysaccharide capsule

25
Q

Describe Histoplasmosis

A

Ohio Valley Disease

  • no capsule
  • asymptomatic lung infection
  • causes hepatosplenomegaly and hilar lymphadenopathy
  • mostly in east
26
Q

Describe Coccidioidomycosis

A

Valley Fever

  • no true yeast form – 2 agents: C. immitis, C. posadasii
  • mainly in southwest US due to alkaline soil and semiarid climate
  • high risk for lab infections
  • disseminate to skin and meninges
  • large sperule with endospores
27
Q

Describe North American Blastomycosis

A
  • Blastomyces dermatitis
  • large cells: thick wall, broad-based buds
  • infects lungs and skin
28
Q

Describe South American Blastomycosis

A
  • Paracoccidioidomycosis

- multiple narrow-based buds from one cell

29
Q

Describe Aspergillus fumigatus

A
  • most common cause of invasive aspergillosis
  • serious disease among immunocompromised
  • invasive hyphae in lung parenchyma and a blood vessel
30
Q

What is a-amanitin?

A
  • inhibits eukaryotic RNA Polymerase II
  • liver failure (die within 24 hours)
  • from Amanita mushrooms (Death cap mushrooms)
31
Q

What are aflatoxins?

A
  • produced by Aspergillus species
  • aflatoxin B1 causes liver cancer
  • growth impediment in children
  • liver damage = death
32
Q

What are ochratoxins?

A
  • produced by A. orchraceous (grapes - contaminates wine), A. niger (black mold), & penicillin
  • carcinogenic and nephrotoxic

BFOM Exam 3 (19 decks)

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