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Microbio/Viro/Mycology > Fungal Jungle! > Flashcards

Fungal Jungle! Flashcards

1
Q

What is fungus?

A
  • It can be parasitic or free-living in the environment.
  • Most are multi-cellular (except yeasts)
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2
Q

Mycology

A

The study of fungi

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3
Q

Identifying fungi (4)

A
  1. Description growth
  2. Description of color
  3. Description of sexual spores
  4. Description of asexual spores
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4
Q

Hyphae
Hint: Fairy tree

A

Filament or branch from which the fungus grows.

(Hyphae tips can grow either from mitosis or meiosis depending on the type of fungus)

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5
Q

Mycelium
Hint: Big fairy tree

A

The intertwined mass of hyphae that forms the mold colony

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6
Q

Arthrospores

A
  • Asexual
  • Thick walled spores formed by hyphal septation.
  • Are able to survive harsh conditions.
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7
Q

Conidia
Hint: Outside the fairy tree

A

Asexual spores borne externally on hyphae (branches)

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8
Q

Yeast
Hint: “Hey buddie”

A
  • No hyphae
  • Multiply by budding
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9
Q

Pathogenic Fungi Groups: Fungi Imperfecta (4)

A

Important species include:
- Dermatopytes: Microsporum & Trichophyton.
- Histoplasma
- Candida
- Aspergillus

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10
Q

Aspergillus
Hint: Common throughout the world

A
  • Usually causes disease in birds, but can for any species.
  • Germ. Shep. are at high risk.

Symptoms:
- Severe nasal & sinus infections.
- Can cause pneumonia
- Very difficult to treat

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11
Q

Dermatophytes
Hint: “ringworm”

A
  • Keratinophilic fungi that invade hair, nails, & superficial skin layers.
  • Lesions are pruritic & cause crusty skin and hair loss.
  • Different presentations in diff. species.
  • Often contagious and spores are hard to kill!
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12
Q

What are the 4 pathogenic fungi groups?

A
  1. Mushrooms
  2. Cup fungi
  3. Molds
  4. Fungi imperfecti - no sexual stage
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13
Q

Dermatophytes - How the fungi disease invades (3)

A
  • Fungi enter hair follicles by growing down hair shafts (gets into the shaft).
  • Invades keratin (toughest layer of the skin).
  • Arthospores form as hair grows upward.
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14
Q

How to diagnose dermatophytes? (3)

A
  1. Woods black lamp.
    - Florescent hyphae in hair shafts.
    - Only some strains of fungus will be (+)!!!
  2. Direct Microscope Eval.
    - KOH prep
    - Consists of prep of specimen using Potassium “P” Hydroxide “OH”
  3. Dermatophytes Test Medium.
    - “DTM”
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15
Q

How do you preform a KOH prep?

A
  1. Arthrospores grow on the outside of the hair shaft but cannot normally be seen.
  2. Pluck a few hairs from the PERIHERY of the lesion (not on!).
  3. Place on slide w/1-2 drops of 10% KOH & add cover slip.
  4. Warm for 2-10min.
  5. Arthrospores visible along a hair shaft.
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16
Q

Dermatophyte Test Medium (DTM)
Medium: (4)
Type of test?
How does it work?
Reliability?
How to prep?

A
  1. Selective & differential
  2. Only grows fungi & has red color change in 7d.
  3. Most reliable test.
  4. Area/lesion should be cleaned with alc. then hairs plucked from the EDGE of the lesion.
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17
Q

Mushrooms:
What is their importance?
What are the causes if exposed? (4)

A
  1. Medically important due to toxicity of ingestion.
  2. If ingested, it can cause: vomiting/diarrhea, neurologic signs, liver/kidney failure, & death.
18
Q

Who is at risk of dermatophytes as a zoonotic disease?

A
  1. Children
  2. Damaged skin
  3. Animals (esp cats!) can be asymptomatic carriers.
19
Q

Yeasts: Malassezia
Species of yeast?
Where is it likely to occur on a patient?

Hint: this is a common cause of dermatitis

A
  1. Species of lipophilic yeast.
  2. Skin folds, ears of allergic dogs
20
Q

Malassezia (yeast) diagnosis:
Tape prep (3)

A
  1. Using a small strip of transparent tape, lay it on the skin lesion and press lightly.
  2. Apply a drop of blue from Diff-Quik stain set.
  3. Lay sample side down on the slide.
21
Q

Malassezia (yeast) diagnosis:
Direct smear (6)

A
  1. Moisten a sterile swab w/sterile saline.
  2. Swab area of interest (skin lesion, vagina, ear).
  3. Roll swab gently onto a microscope slide.
  4. After airdrying, heat fix using gram stain.
  5. Stain w/Gram Stain or Dif Quik.
  6. Observe!
22
Q

Therapy for Malassezia (3)

A
  1. Anti-fungal agents
  2. Treat bacterial infections if present.
  3. Treat underlying cause (allergies, skin care, surgery)
23
Q

What dog breeds are especially at risk for Malassezia (yeast)?

A
  1. Westies
  2. Cocker spaniels
  3. Bassets
24
Q

Cryptococcus
How does it transport to the next host?
Hint: Construction workers are at risk!

A

It is found in soil and the feces of pigeons.
It can be spread by inhalation or open wounds.

25
Q

Who is at risk for the nasal form of Cryptococcus?
Hint: fuzzy ears

A

Cats and koala bears

26
Q

Cryptococcus diagnosis methods (4)

A
  1. Cytology (most common)
  2. Serology
  3. Antigen
  4. Culture
27
Q

Cryptococcus diagnosis:
Cytology

A
  • Prolific in tissues
  • Characteristic thick capsule when stained
  • India ink or cotton blue
28
Q

What is the therapy for Cryptococcus?
How long?

A

A combo of:
1. Debulking Sx when possible
2. Long-term medication
- Azoles (anti fungal agent)
- 3-12 months or more
- Relapse is common

29
Q

What are Dimorphic pathogens?

A

Fungi that can exist in the form of both
mold and yeast (yikes!)

30
Q

Dimorphic pathogen:
Coccidiodes, what is it?
Hint: S S Z

A

It is a soil fungus of lower Sonoran life Zone

31
Q

What happens to dog when they contract Coccidiodes?

Hint: This can sometimes present as pneumonia because its an airborne disease.

A

Dogs commonly get lung or bone forms of disease from inhaling arthroconidia

32
Q

Howdo cats contract Coccidiodes? In what form do they get it?

A

Cats commonly get a skin form of the disease from puncture wound contaminations

33
Q

What is the therapy for Coccidioidomycosis?

A
  1. Ketoconazole is effective & prevents disease from becoming systematic.
  2. Bone & systemic forms MUST be treated or death is possible.
34
Q

T/F: Dogs w respiratory form of Coccidioidomycosis will recover w/o treatment

A

True! At least in most cases

35
Q

T/F: Fungal infections are usually slow growing

A

True

36
Q

T/F: Fungal infections do not have an intense inflammatory response from the body

A

False. They will cause an intense inflammatory response from the body!

37
Q

T/F: Cellular immunity is needed to clear fungal infections

A

True! The body needs strong, well programmed, and smart T-Cells. Fungal diseases can be very hard on young animals with building immune systems and immune compromised.

38
Q

T/F: Most fungal infections are not directly contagious, except dermatophytes

A

True! Dermatophytes is also a zoonotic disease

39
Q

T/F: Spores are not very resistant to disinfection and decontamination

A

False. Spores are very resistant! 10% bleach is usually effective to disinfect formites

40
Q

T/F: Most fungal infections can be treated fast and easily

A

False! Most require weeks to months of therapy to resolve them

Microbio/Viro/Mycology (11 decks)

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