Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacology > Fungal and Viral Infections > Flashcards

Fungal and Viral Infections Flashcards

1
Q

General Info on mycobacteria

A

causes typical/atypical illnesses, acute and chronic

LIFECYCLE
- slow growth, special cell wall with infections protected in tubercles (reason why one of them is called tuberculosis)

Typical mycobacteria infections: Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) and Mycobacterium leprae (leprosy)

Atypical: M. scrofulaceum (Scrofula); M. kansaii and M. marinum (skin infections); M. avium-intracellulare in immuno-compromised hosts (AIDS COPD)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is it when a child is infected with TB?

A

TB in community, is a sentinel event

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how is TB transmitted

A

airborne (lab culture takes weeks so acid-fast stains of sputum and skin testing and image CXR)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the two types of TB?

A
  1. Latent: positive skin test, not progressed to illness and is treated due to “sero-conversion”
  2. Active: esp in immuno, a child, HIV
    a) pulmonary: coughing, night sweats, weight loss, hemoptysis
    b_ miliary: other parts of body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the bactericidal drugs to treat TB?

A
  1. isoniazid (INH): AEs include peripheral neuropathy (prevent with vitamin B6 pyridoxine 5–100 mg/day); hepatotoxic -> monitor LFTs
  2. rifamycins (Rifampin, RIF and Rifapentin, Priftin): adjunct, AEs include urine/sweat, turning read, hepatotoxic, flu-like symptoms of myalgia headahce n/v
    • drug interaction with CYP P450 enzymes may increase clearance clearance of oral contraceptives making them less effective
  3. rifabutin (Mycobutin): oral drug, synthetic agent better against M.avium
  4. pyrazinamide (PZA): adjunct when resistance issue; AEs of hepatotoxic, hyperuricemia, and gouty arthritis
  5. streptomycin: doesn’t penetrate CSF (can’t treat CNS TB) IM drug
    • nephrotoxic, ototoxic (vestibular toxic)
  6. capreomycin: similar to streptomycin; IM drug
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

bacteriostatic drugs to treat TB

A
  • static=slow down so typically used in combo
    1. para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS, aminosalicylic acid) oral drug; Aes of mono-like syndrome, GI intolerance
    2. ethambutol (Myambutol): oral drug, AEs retrobulbar neuritis, loss of central vision; must have baseline opthalmic exam to establish baseline before starting drug
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Other drugs with anti-TB effects

A
  1. aminoglycosides: kanamycin, amikacin (renal/ototoxic)

2. fluro-quinolones: levofloxacin, moxifloxacin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What’s the treatment protocols for latent TB infections (LTBIs)?

A

INH x 9 months or RIF x 4 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What’s the treatment protocol for resistant infections?

A
  • daily treatment no lapses or resistance
  • DOT: direct observation of treatment for 1st week
  • combo therapy
  • at least one bactericidal
  • sensitivity testing checks for MDRTB or multi-drug resistant TB
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

if someone has TB, what’s important information for them?

A

referall to health department; provide lab monitoring, xrays, usually free drugs, this is nurse managed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Older and newer drugs for leprosy

A

older: many aes, renal, gi, rashes
1. injectable dapsone (IM acedapsone)
2. oral dapsone
3. clofazimine (Lamprene)

newer
1. thalidomide (Thalomid)
- originally anxiolytic, can cause birth defects
AEs: teratogencity, periph neurop, rash, hypothyroid, neutropenia, fever, increased HIV-RNA levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

mycobacterium avium overview

A
  • in immuno not healthy; sometimes called opportunistic infection
  • multi-drug: fluroquinolones, macrolide, and usual mycobacterium drugs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

antifungal drugs

A

also called anti-mycotic
1. Azoles (imidazoles and triazoles)
- poss heart failure/liver
- lots of drug-drugs
SYSTEMIC: fluconazole (Diflucan), ketoconazole (Nizoral), itraconazole (Sporanox), voriconazole (Vfend), posaconazole (Noxafil)
TOPICAL: clotrimazole (Lotrimin, Mycelex), miconazole (Micatin), ketoconazole (Nizoral shampoo), econazole (Spectazole), oxiconizole (Oxistat), sulconizole (Exelderm solution)

  1. polyenes: amphotericin B (Fungizone, also a macrolide antibiotic); Nystatin (Mycostatin, Nystatin, Nilstat)
  2. allylamines: neutropenia, liver, SJS, less drug-drugs
    - naftate (Naftin cream), terbinafine (Lamisil, cream/oral/spray)
  3. potassium iodide: older drug, no longer used
  4. flucytosine (Ancoben): severe mycoses/fungal infections
  5. griseovulvin (Gris-Peg, Fulvicin)
    - older, longterm to work
    - take with fatty food
    - teratogenic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Non-pharmacologic measure in fungal infections

A
  1. education to prevent recurrence
    - fungi keep ventilated/dry
    - avoid trauma/lifestyle factors
    - use clean, dry white
    - manage underlying conditions (ex DM hyperglycemia)
  2. surgical removal of the nail in onychomycosis
  3. nail hygiene (for onychomycosis):
    - nails clean and short
    - clip tonails straight, file
    - avoid high heels, narrow-toed shoes
    - - avoid community nail stuff
    - acoid barefoot/clean dry
    - discard old shoes, sprary with antifungal sprary periodically
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

which gloves are use for dry manual work and which for wet?

A
  1. cotton - dry

2. vinyl - wet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are topical anti-fungals used for?

A
  1. yeast infections (Candidiasis, tinea versicolor) and ringworm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the topical imidazoles

A
  1. clotrimazole (Lotrimin, Mycelex), miconazole (Micatin), ketoconazole (Nizoral), econazole (Spectazole), oxiconizole (Oxistat), sulconizole (Exelderm), sertaconazole (Ertaczo)
  2. combo therapy: corticosteroi + antifungal (ex Lotrisone, + clotrimazole) for fungal and inflammaiton
  3. OTCs: miconazole 2% (Lotrimin AF), clotrimazole 1% (Lotrimin AF cream) Butenafine 1% (Lotrimin Ultra)
  4. RX: terbinafine (Lamisil AT)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the topical anti-fungals for fungal/mucosal skin infections

A
  1. topic imidazoles
  2. topical allylamines: naftifine (Naftin, terbinfaine (Lamisil, spray)
  3. topical polyenes: nystatin (Mycostatin, Nystatin), amphotericin B (Fungizone)
  4. topical hydroxypiridone: ciclopirox (Loprox cream and Penlac nail lacquer)
  5. topical naphthiomate: tolnaftate (Tinactin)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is pityriasis

A

tinea versicolor; involves lare SA and treated with terfinadine spray (Lamisil spray of 1% solution)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is seborrhic dermatitis

A

on scalp

  • often fungal infection
    1. Nizoral (ketoconazole) shampoo to treat underlying Pitysporum
    2. Xologel 2% (ketoconazole) get once daily
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what represents 50% of all nail disorders

A

onychomycosis (Nail fungus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

treatments for onychomycosis

A
  1. Topical: must do filing/clipping so will penetrate nail; Penlac Nail Lacquer (8% cicloprox olamine) daily
  2. long-term systemic: potentially toxic, older drugs (griseofulvin, Gris-Pet; ketoconazole, Nizoral)
  3. short-term systemic (commonly used): off-lael fluconazole (Diflucan); label itraconazole (Sporanox); terbinafine (Lamisil)
    - time length of drugs varies and if treating toe or fingernail
    - Aes: heart failure, liver, rash
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what do 2/3 of infants gets

A

diaper dermatitis (rash); though diapers with increased absorbency have reduced incidences; breast-fed infants have less diaper rash

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

non-pharm treatment for diaper dermatitis

A
  • keep dry/reduce contact time of urine.feces (frequent changes)
  • clean are with water or baby wipes w/out perfume
  • avoid corn or talcum powders (can be inhaled)
  • use dye-free diapers and go “diaper free” if possible to dry skin
25
Q

pharm treatment of diaper dermatitis

A
  1. skin protectants: barrier for skin/lubricate against friction
    • A&D ointment, lanolin, zinc oxide, petrolatum
  2. antifungal meds: antifungals with nystatin, clotrimazole, miconazole due to Candida infections
    • for diaper rash: Vusion combo of zinc oxide, petrolatum, and .25% miconazole (much less than Monistat 4% or OTC Desenex/Micatin reason is to reduce systemic absorption into infant)
      - note: could by zinc oxide, petrolatum aka Vaseline and mix into Monistat/Desenex and would cost much less
  3. Topical steroids: only for severe cases, use hydrocortisone cream (HC 1%) for up to 2 weeks; check baby in one week otherwise maybe other
26
Q

when do serious systemic mycotic infections occur?

A
  1. immuno comp
  2. HIV/AIDS, cancer, organ transplant, high-dose steroids
    - infections under specialist care, most drugs with serious AEs
  3. amphotericin B (Fungizone), amphotericin B lipid complex (Abelcet) – may be nephrotoxic
  4. nystatin: PO use for GI Candida and oral thrush
  5. flucytosine (Ancoben) may cause leucopenia, nausea, hepatitis, bone marrow depression
  6. azoles: ketoconazole (Nizoral), fluconazole (Diflucan), itraconazole (Sporanox), voriconazole (Vfend), posaconazole (Noxafil)
  7. echinocandins: caspofungin (Cancidas IV), anidulafungin (Eraxis IV), micafungin (Mycamine), anidulafungin (Eraxis)
27
Q

management of PCP

A

PCP = Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia

  • in immuno comp, may need prophylaxis drugs

DOC: TMP/SMZ (trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, Bactrim, Septra)

Other drugs: aerosolized pentamidine (NebuPent), sulfone drugs dapsone (AED) alone or with antiparasitic pyrimethamine (Daraprime, adds dapsone); antiparasitic atovaquone (Mepron, anti-malarial), anti-folate drug trimetrexate (Neutrexin), other combos like clindamycin (Cleocin) + primaquine

Adjunct drugL prednisone (glucocorticoid steroid) if patient is hypoxic

28
Q

what causes malaria?

A

protozoans Plasmodium falciparum; P. vivax and P. ovale

- mosquito vector in tropical/subtropica; may be fetal; is resistance to ant-malarials; prophylaxis for travellers

29
Q

what are some non-pharm ways to prevent malaria

A
  • mosquito repellant, sleep in screen areas, don’t go out after sunset

repellants. …
1. DEET: higher%, longer but not better (not for infants under 2 months, don’t use on face, not on hands)
2. picaridin in OTC Cutter
3. permethrin (Duranon, Permanone): liquid/spray for clothes nets bags etc

30
Q

Prevention drugs of malaria

A
  1. chloroquine (Aralen): DOC if chloroquine-sensitive malaria area
    • multiple toxicities -> CNS, retinal damage, hemolysis in G6PD deficiency
  2. malarone for chloroquine-resistant: combo atovaquone + proguanil daily; GI AEs, SJS
  3. mefloquine (Lariam): no if depression, anxiety, psychosis, schizo, suicidality, seizure, cardiac (long QT)
  4. doxycycline: for 8+ and not pregnant
31
Q

Treatment of malaria

A
  1. chloroquine (Aralen)
  2. for chlorquine resistant use quinine plus Fansidar (pyrimethamine+sulfadoxine), quinine (Qualaquine), mefloquine (Lariam), halofantrine (Halfan), primaquine, atocaquone+proguanil (Malarone), doxycycline
32
Q

The worm infections

A
  • called helminthic infestations-

PINWORM

  • caused by Enterobius vermicularis, called enterobiasis
  • most common worm in USA
  • diagnosis made at night with tape
  • may cause vulvovaginitis
  • treat whole family, repeat dose in two weeks (drugs paralyze worms and then pass stoll)
  • rx= mebendazole (Vermox), albendazole (Zentel)
  • *****REMEMBER repeat dose in 2 weeks
  • OTC= pyrantel (Pin-X) liquid

ROUNDWORM

  • caused by Ascaris, thus called ascariasis
  • abdominal discomfort/pain and anemia (children)
  • drugs= mebendazole (Vermox), pyrantel (Pin-X OTC), albendazole (Zentel), nitazoxanide (Alinia)
33
Q

Scabies

A
  • PRURITIC skin infestations

DRUGS
Topical: 5% permethrin (Elimite) cream, 10% crotamiton (Eurax), second-line lindane 1% (G-well), malathion .5% (Ovide), permethrin 1% (Nix), and OTC (piperonyl butoxide 4% or pyethrum .33%)

Systemic: oral drug ivermectin (Mectizan)

34
Q

chiggers

A

red bug/harvest mite
- VERY PRURITIC

treatment: antipruritic
prevention: avoidance of areas with chiggers, use DEET repellant, let infestation run its course

35
Q

Protozoans

A
  1. trichomoniasis
  2. cyclospora: found on unwashed fruit, diarrhea, treat with TMP/SMX
  3. cryptosporidiosis+giardiasis: from water protozoans, diarrhea,
    - - nitazoxanide (Alinia) for diarrhea; metronidazole (Flagyl) for Giardia/more complicated infections; tinidazole (Tindamax)
36
Q

What are the head lice

A

Pediculus capitis (head louse, P. corporis (body louse, Phthirus pubis (pubic louse or crabs)

37
Q

non-pharmacologic managemnt of lice

A

***MUST be combined with drug therapy

  1. wet combing: fine touth comb on shampooed hair
  2. petroleum jelly/olive oil: cover hair then use shower cap to suffocate mites or for eyelashes
38
Q

what adjunctive therapies are used for lice

A
  1. anti-itch (antihistamines, topical corticosteroids)

2. for sumperimposed bacterial infection from scratching etc

39
Q

primary drug therapy for lice

A
  1. TOPICAL
    - DOC = OTC 1% permethrin (Nix) or prescription 5% permethrin (Elimite)
    - others: OTC pyrethrins with peperonyl butoxide (Rid, Clear, Pronto) which are natural extracts from chrysanthemum flowers (needs repeating in one weeks, often fails); malathion (Ovid topical which if flammable so CAN’T use hair dryer); lindane (Kwell 1% shampoo, lotion)
  2. SYSTEMIC (for resistant lice)
    - oral ivermectin (Mectizan or Stromectol)
40
Q

important infor for anti-viral agents and viral infections

A
  • viruses must live in host cell/take over to replicate
  • viruses = nucleic acid (DNA/RNA) covered by protein
  • anti-virals try to interrupt specific step in viral life cycle
  • MANY/MOST ANTI-VIRALS HAVE TOXIC POTENTIAL
41
Q

life cycles of viruses

A
  1. adsorption (NOT absorption) via fusion to host cell (attaches at receptor sites such as CD4 receptors on T-lymphocytes)
  2. penetration of host cell - viral protein coat dissolves and exposes viral DNA/RNA
  3. synthesis of enzymes that replicate viral nucleic acid -> synthesis of viral proteins -> assembly of mature viral particles (virions
  4. death of cell and release of viral particles
42
Q

some important information on how viruses infect

A
  1. retroviruses like HIV have RNS that has t be copied to DNA to take over cell
  2. many viruses co-infect (if you have HIV, more likely to get hepatitis)
  3. some viruses like HIV cause other effects like loss of immune system through CD4 T cell destruction
43
Q

viral prevention/treatment

A
  1. Vaccine
  2. Chemoprophylaxis: symptoms often appear only when viral load (viremia) in bloodstream is very large; prophylaxis with anti-viral may prevent symptoms
  3. admin of antiviral after symptoms appear
  4. PEP
    - - for HIV or HBV; special chemoprophylaxis; occupational PEP and non-occupational or nPEP
44
Q

some types of antivirals

A
  1. Gamma globulins: block viral penetration into cell; immunoglobulins our body makes in response to viruses
    - - “pooled” from people’s blood for wide variety
    - - hyperimmune concentrated from plasma with high antibody levels against specific viruses

EXAMPLES

a) HBIG (hepatitis-B immune globuline) for hepatitis B
b) VIGIV (vaccinia immune globulin intravenous) for smallpox
c) VZIG (varicella zoster immune globulin) - given with 4 days of chickenpox exposure
d) IVIG (intravenous immune globulin) and SCIG (subcutaneous immune globulin) for primary immune deficiency
- – effects can be less if other vaccines given w/in 6 months

  1. Interferons: made in body to interfere with viral protein synthesis; also useful in cancer/MS

a) Anti-viral Inerferons
- antivirals: interferon alfa-2a (Roferon-A), interferon alfa-2b (Intron-A), PEG-Intron, interfero nalfa-n3 (Alferon N), interferon alfa-n1 (Wellferon), Betaseron, peginterferon alfa-2a (Pegasys)
- for hep B/C: PEG-Intron (pegylated Intron-A, ribavirin + interferon alfa-2a, Pegasys (peginterferon alfa-2a)
- pegylate formulations: links polyethylene glycol to make it stay longer in bloodstream (word peg at beginning of drug name)

other uses for interferons: MS - interferon beta-1b (Betaseron), iterferon beta-1a (Avonex)

AEs: like bad flue (myalgia, fever, headache, n/v); suicidal/depression, endocrine complications

  1. Zinc - for rhinovirus (upper resp infection, URI)
    - may be safe if used for first few days of URI symptoms but can’t be sure of safety
    - at effective doses, significant side effects (still birth, neutropenia copper deficiency, anemia, lymphopenia) esp if used long-term
45
Q

HPV

A

human papilloma virus
- causes anal cancer, cervical cancer, anogenital warts

1) Vaccines for prevention: Gardasil and new Cervarix

2) Drugs: off label -injections of interferons or cidofovir cream (Vistide)
on label: imiquimod (Aldara) topical, podofilox (Condylox) topical, topical tricloroacetic acid (TCA), topical pdophyllin, topical cryotherapy (liquid nitrogen or cryoprobe)

46
Q

Herpes viruses

A

includes: colds sores (Herpes labialis), chingles and chickenpox (Varicella zoster virus, VZV), genital herpes (Herpes simplex virus, HSV type 2)

  1. shingles (Varicella Zoster Virus, VZV)
    - painful rash on one side of body
    - antivirals: acyclovir (Zovirax), valacyclovir (Valtrex), famcyclovir (Famvir)
    - adjuncts for pain
    - after infection, PHN or long-term neuralgia pain may develop, treated with chronic drugs like ADs, AEDs, corticosteroids
    - Zostavax: vaccine for prevention of shingles/PHN
  2. Genital herpes (HSV type 2)
    - for initial episodic treatment: acyclovir (Zovirax), valacyclovir (Valtrex), famciclovir (Famvir); chronic higher doses
  3. herpes labialis (HSV type 1) cold sore
    - rx: penciclovir cream 1% (Denavir), acyclovir cream 5% (Zovirax cream)
    - OTC: sinecatechins (Veregen) from green tea, docusanol 10% cream (Abreva)
    - OTC CAM: honey
    - acyclovir, famciclovir, valacyclovir
    - in serious neonatal invections: IV acyclovir
47
Q

RSV in children

A

respiratory syncytial virus

  1. prevention: premies
    - respigam: older drug, monthly IV hyperimmune globulin
    - palivizumab (Synagis): newer, IM qmonthly
  2. treatment: ribavirin as aerosol (Virazole) can be toxic; oral ribasphere (for hep C)
48
Q

CMV treatment

A

cytomegalovirus

  • somtimes seen in immunocompromised
  • ganciclovir (Cytovene) and newer foscarnet (Foscavir, parenteral), valganciclovir (Valcyte, oral), cidofovir (Vistide, IV for CMV retinitis in AIDS patients
49
Q

influenza treatment

A
  1. can be influenza A or B
    - can change from year to year (swine flue was H1N1)

PREVENTION: vaccination, new each year

TREATMENT

  • neuraminidase inhibitors for influenza A/B: zanamivir (Relenza), oral oseltamivir (Tamiflu) -> AE of inhaled is lungs, AE of oral is neuropsychiatric symptoms like seizures
  • adamantamines for influenza A: amantidine (Symmetrel), rimantidine (Flumadine) -> prob with resistance
50
Q

what can you use to treat bird flu

A

neuraminidase ihibitors

51
Q

Hepatitis B

A

HBV
- main concern: don’t progress to chronic (liver cancer/death)
- usually needlestick or con-infection, transfusion contamination
TREATMENT: injectable interferons like interferon alfa-2a (intron-A) and Pegasys and oral antivirals like lamivudine (Epivir-HBV), adefovir dipivoxil (Hepsera), entecavir (Baraclude), telbivudine (Tyzeka) - highrate of relapse

52
Q

Hepatitis C

A

HCV

  • chronic form, liver failure
  • treatment for chronic HCV: SC peginterferon alfa-2b (Peg-Inton) plus ribavirin oral, SC peginterferon alfa-2a (Pegasys) plus ribavirin oral
  • treatment for acute HCV: interferon alfa-2b (Intron-A)
53
Q

what are the type of drugs used to treat HIV?

A

call antiretrovirals

  1. NNRTIs (non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors)
  2. NRTs or NtRTIs (nucleoside/nucleotide analogs)
  3. protease inhibitors (PI)
  4. fusion inhibitors (enfuvirtide, Fuzeon injectable)
  5. CCR5 co-receptor antagonists (maraviroc, Selzentry)
  6. HIV-integrase strand enzyme inhibitor (ratelgravir, Isentress)
54
Q

what are the drug-drugs of antiretrovirals?

A

methadone, TB antibiotics, macrolide antibiotics, cholesterol drugs, BP meds (almost every class of drugs)

55
Q

Therapy protocols for HIB

A 
ARV = antiretroviral therapy
HAART = highly active antiretroviral therapy
  • clinical guidlines like viral load or CD4 count or con-infections dictate choice of drug
  • must NOT have lapse in therapy
56
Q

what are the NNRTIs for HIV therapy

A
  • block viral enzyme
  • nevirapine (Viramune), delavirdine (Rescriptor), efavirenz (Sustiva)

AEs: teratogenic, drug-drugs

57
Q

NRTs/NtRTIs for HIV therapy

A
  • used to raise CD4 counts and also for needlestick prophylaxis
  • adefovir dipivoxil (Hepsera), ribavirin (Virazole, Rebetol) acyclovir (Zovirax) valacyclovir (Valtrex), famciclovir (Famvir), pencyclovir (Denavir) topical, ganciclovir (Cytovee) etc etc

some are used more for HIV: zidovudine (ZDV, AZT, Retrovir), lamivudine (Epivir), zalcitabine (Hivid), stavudine (Zerit), adefovir (Hepsera, Preveon), abacavir (Ziagen), emtricitabine (Emtriva), tenofovir (Viread)
- look up fixed combos

AEs: anemia, hepatitis, myopathy, kidney damage, metabolic problems acidosis, genetic hypersensitivities

DRUG-DRUG= acetaminophen

58
Q

protease inhibitors for HIV

A

interfere with an enzyme needed by HIB

  • indinavir (Crixivan), saquinavir (Invirase), etc

AEs: hyperglycemia (DM2 development), dyslipidemia, liver toxicity, retinitis from CMV infection, bleeding, osteoporosis

CAM interaction = St. John’s wort cna inactivate PI drugs

Pharmacology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions