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MSc Integrated Immunology > fundementals of immunology - Revision > Flashcards

fundementals of immunology - Revision Flashcards

1
Q

what are the T cell receptor segments for each of the receptor chains?

A

Alpha chain - V, J, C
Beta chain - V, D, J, C
Complementarity determining regions between these genes CDR1,2,3 for both alpha and beta chains.

No Somatic hypermutation for T cells, CDR1 & 2 is limited to germline V chains. CDR3

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2
Q

How (where) does the T cell and TCR development take place

A

develop in bone marrow, mature in thymus

First attempt to make a beta chain and test it against a mock alpha chain. then create an alpha chain to create a functional TCR

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3
Q

Somatic recombinatioin. Proteins involved

A

RAG, TdT, artemis

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4
Q

The function of CD25

A

Interleukin 2 receptor alpha chain. important for T cell proliferation and activation. It is activated as part of further activation (signal 3) when a TCR recognises antigen.

CD25 high indicates T regs

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5
Q

Type 1 responce, targets and function

A

microscopic intracellular

killing infected cells

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6
Q

Type 2 responce. Target and function

A

Macroscopit (parasites)

killing/expelling parasites

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7
Q

Type 3 responce. Target and function

A 
Microscopic extracellular (fungi, bacteria).
finding, capturing and killing pathogens
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8
Q

How do CD4 cells help, 1) B cells,

2) innate responces and 3) CD8 cells

A

1) induce class switching and plasma cell formation.
2) induce polarization and maturation of innate cells.
3) regulates expansion and memory potential.

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9
Q

T helper cell subsets

A

Th1, Th2, Th17, Tfh, Treg

others: Th9, Th22

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10
Q

Th1 polarizing cytokine

A

IFN-gamma

IL12

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11
Q

TH2 polarizing cytokine

A

Il-4

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12
Q

TH17 polarizing cytokine

A 
TGFbeta
IL-6
IL-23
(maintains polarization by secreting IL-21)
effector:IL-17
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13
Q

Treg polarizing cytokine

A

TGFbeta

IL-10

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14
Q

Tfh polarizing cytokine

A

IL-21

IL-6

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15
Q

TH1 functions

A

Activates macrophages. + MHC1.

defence against intracellular pathogens.

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16
Q

TH2 functions

A

Activate eosinophils.

Defence against extracellular pathogens (helminths)

17
Q

TH17 functions

A

Activate Neutrophils. Activate epithelium.

Defence against extracellular pathogens. (Bacteria & Fungi)

18
Q

Tfh functions

A

Activate B cells. Increase antibody affinity (SHM)

19
Q

Treg functions

A

Regulate T cell priming and function.

Prevent auto immunity. Promote cancer.

20
Q

TH1 killing functions

A

activate macrophages (CD40L) to destroy engulfed bacteria.

Kills chronically infected cells-then engulfed by macrophages

20
Q

TH1 proliferative functions

A

T-cell proliferation (il-2)

macrophage differentiation in BM (IL3 and GM-CSF)

21
Q

TH1 - macrophage associated functions

A

induce macrophage binding to endothelium and exit from blood vessel (TNFalpha/beta)

macrophages accumulate at site of infection (CCL2)

22
Q

TH2- parasite expelling functions

A

Activate mast cells and eosinophils to promote histamine release - expel pathogen.

activate goblet cells to produce mucus

class switch to IgE

23
Q

TH2 chemokine production

A

Type 2 chemokines:

il4, 5, 9, 13

24
Q

TH17 pathogen location

A

mainily at mucosal surfaces.

25
Q

TH17 functions of cytokine production

A

il17 via cxcl8 recruit neutraphils
il22 enhance epithelial barrier function and activates specialised epithelial cells (panth cells) which have antimicrobial function.

26
Q

Transcription factor for TH1

A

Tbet

27
Q

Transcription factor for TH1

A

Tbet

28
Q

Transcription factor for TH2

A

GATA3

29
Q

Transcription factor for TH17

A

RORgammaT

30
Q

TH17, 2 step differentiation process

A

Differentiation
- TGF-beta and IL-6 lead to RORgammaT transcription
- RORgammaT produces IL-17, and IL-23 leads to amplification of the cells
Stabilization
- STAT3 and RORgammaT act as transcription factors to produce TH17 cel

31
Q

TH2 during a viral infection

A

will aquire TH1 like functions such as upregulation of T-bet. simultaneous to GATA3

32
Q

The B cell receptor structure

A

The BCR is an Ig (IgD, IgM, IgA, IgG, or IgE) associated with a CD79 molecules (alpha & beta chains) which has ITAM (immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif) components.

33
Q

B cell and BCR development

A

B cell develops in bone marrow.
Initial rearrangment of genes to form a heavy chain (pro-lymphocyte) then rearrangement of the light chain
(pre-lymphocyte). Initial stages are antigen independent. but then undergo self antigen exposure.

34
Q

Somatic recombinatioin. Proteins involved

A

RAG complex (RAG1 and RAG2)
Enzyme targetting specific sequences (recombination signal sequences) at the ends of VDJ chains. either 12bp targets or 23bp targets.
Both T and B cells

35
Q

CD79 (Ig alpha/beta)

A

CD79 or Ig (CD79 alpha & beta/Ig alpha & beta) is associated with Ig B cell receptors (BCR) and contains an ITAM for intracellular signalling on antigen recognition

MSc Integrated Immunology (4 decks)

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