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[HS 202] Micro, Para and Psych Transes > Fundamentals of Virology > Flashcards

Fundamentals of Virology Flashcards

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1
Q

What was seen in Egyptian mummies in 3700 BC?

A

Poliomyelitis

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2
Q

What did Pharaoh Ramesses V succumb to in 1196 BC?

A

Smallpox

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3
Q

Edward Jenner inoculated James Phipps with what in 1796 to test vaccination against small pox?

A

Cowpox

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4
Q

What year did Louis Pasteur prove the Germ Theory of Disease?

A

1860

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5
Q

What year did Robert Koch publish his postulates on the cause of disease?

A

1890

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6
Q

Who demonstrated Koch’s postulates in 1892 based on a filterable substance present on the sap of tobacco with mosaic disease?

A

Dmitri Ivanovsky

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7
Q

Who independently replicated Dmitri Ivanovsky’s experiemnts in 1898?

A

Martinus Beijerinck

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8
Q

Who discovered the cause of what in 1898? Include viral agent.

A

Freidrich Loeffler; Foot-and-mouth disease; Aphthovirus

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9
Q

Who discovered that yellow fever is transmitted by a particular mosquito species in 1900?

A

Walter Reed

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10
Q

Who are the two scientists that discovered the causative agent of poliomyelitis?

A

Karl Landsteiner and Erwin Popper

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11
Q

What did Frederick Twort discover in 1915?

A

Bacteriophages

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12
Q

Who discovered phage therapy in 1917?

A

Felix d’Herelle

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13
Q

What did Max Theiler develop against yellow fever in 1937?

A

Attenuated 17D Strain Vaccine

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14
Q

What are the two phases in the life cycle of a virus?

A

Transmission and Reproduction

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15
Q

What do you call a fully developed, infectious viral particle made up of nucleic acid and a protein coat?

A

Virion

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16
Q

What is the simplest virion?

A

Nucleocapsid (e.g. Picornaviridae)

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17
Q

What are the structural units of the capsid?

A

Capsomeres

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18
Q

What are the glycoprotein projections on the surface of the viral envelope?

A

Peplomers

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19
Q

Describe the nomenclature system for viruses.

A

Order = -virales

Family = -viridae

Subfamily = -virinae

Genus = -virus

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20
Q

What are the bases of virus classification?

A
  1. Symmetry of nucleocapsid
  2. Presence or absence of an envelope
  3. Type of nucleic acid
  4. Polarity of the viral genome
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21
Q

What is a feature of the viral capsid in relation to drugs?

A

Allows small antiviral drugs like azidothymidine to enter

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22
Q

What are the two types of viral capsid?

A

Helical and icosahedral

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23
Q

Features of helical symmetry

A
  1. Capsid length is determined by nucleic acid size
  2. Capsomeres are bagel-shaped
  3. All possess an RNA genome
  4. Allows for a flexible nucleocapsid
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24
Q

Features of icosahedral symmetry

A
  1. Has 20 faces and 12 vertices
  2. May have appendages at each vertex
  3. Found in DNA viruses except Pox Virus
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25
Q

Example of an enveloped helical virus

A

Influenzavirus

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26
Q

Example of a non-enveloped polyhedral/icosahedral virus

A

Mastadenovirus

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27
Q

Describe the structure of poxviruses.

A

Brick-shaped with ridges on external surface and a core and lateral bodies inside

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28
Q

Notable characteristics of the viral envelope

A
  1. Susceptible to acids and lipid solvents
  2. Difficult to crystalize
  3. Disables viruses from infecting GI tract (due to bile)
  4. Makes virus less stable than non-enveloped counterparts
  5. May form multinucleated cells
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29
Q

Notable characteristics of naked viruses

A
  1. Easy to spread
  2. Protein capsid generally more stable in harsh conditions
  3. Icosahedral symmetry
  4. Exit host cell via lysis
  5. Includes common GI viruses
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30
Q

Naked RNA viruses

A
  1. Caliciviridae
  2. Picornaviridae
  3. Reoviridae
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31
Q

Naked DNA viruses

A
  1. Adenoviridae
  2. Papovaviridae
  3. Parvoviridae
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32
Q

What do dsRNA viruses mostly infect?

A

Fungi

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33
Q

What do ssRNA viruses mostly infect?

A

Plants

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34
Q

What virus family has a large RNA genome?

A

Coronavirus

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35
Q

What does a segmented virus genome provide?

A

Possibility of new gene combinations and, thus, rapid evolution

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36
Q

Types of terminal repeats

A

Direct and Inverted

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37
Q

What is the only single stranded DNA virus family?

A

Parvoviridae

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38
Q

What is the only non-enveloped DNA virus family?

A

Parvoviridae

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39
Q

What is the only virus family with a complex envelope?

A

Poxviridae

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40
Q

These virus families have dsDNA and are enveloped

A
  1. Hepadnaviridae
  2. Herpesviridae
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41
Q

These are non-enveloped virus families with circular DNA

A
  1. Papillomaviridae
  2. Polyomaviridae
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42
Q

This is a non-enveloped virus family with linear DNA

A

Adenoviridae

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43
Q

Which virus family does not replicate in the nucleus?

A

Poxviridae

44
Q

What are the virus families with a DNA genome?

A
  1. Adenoviridae
  2. Hepadnaviridae
  3. Herpesviridae
  4. Parvoviridae
  5. Poxviridae
  6. Papovaviridae

1A, 2Hs, and 3Ps

45
Q

What hepatitis virus has a DNA genome?

A

Hepatitis B

46
Q

How many adenoviruses are there?

A

Fifty-two

47
Q

What do members of Adenoviridae cause?

A

Respiratory infections, conjunctivitis and GIT infection

NOTE: Types 41 & 42 cannot be cultured.

48
Q

What do members of Parvoviridae cause?

A

Fifth disease or erythema infectiosum

B19 is characteristic in children.

49
Q

Enumerate members of Papovaviridae

A
  1. Papilloma virus
  2. Polyoma virus
  3. Vacuolating viruses
50
Q

What is the biggest virus family?

A

Poxviridae

51
Q

Enumerate members of Poxviridae

A
  1. Variola virus
  2. Vaccinia virus
  3. Molluscum contagiosum
52
Q

Why don’t Poxviridae viruses need to replicate in the nucleus?

A

They carry their own enzymes

NOTE: They still need the ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

53
Q

Which genus causes smallpox?

A

Variola

54
Q

Which genus was used to carry the vaccine for smallpox?

A

Vaccinia

55
Q

Which is the only double stranded RNA virus family? Are they enveloped?

A

Reoviridae; No

56
Q

Which RNA virus families have icosahedral symmetry?

A
  1. Picornaviridae
  2. Reoviridae
  3. Retroviridae
  4. Flaviviridae
  5. Caliciviridae
  6. Togaviridae

PRRFCT!

57
Q

Which RNA virus families have helical symmetry?

A
  1. Coronaviridae
  2. Rhabdoviridae
  3. Arenaviridae
  4. Paramyxoviridae
  5. Bunyaviridae
  6. Filoviridae
  7. Orthomyxoviridae

CRAP, may BF-O!

58
Q

Which RNA virus families do not replicate in the cytoplasm?

A

Retroviridae and Orthomyxoviridae

59
Q

What do RNA viruses need for replication?

A

RNA-dependent RNA polymerases

60
Q

Segmented genome occurs in which viruses?

A

RNA viruses

61
Q

Which virus families have a segmented genome?

A
  1. Bunyaviridae
  2. Orthomyxoviridae
  3. Reoviridae
  4. Arenaviridae

BORA!

62
Q

Examples of viruses under Bunyaviridae

A
  1. Rotta virus
  2. Rift Valley virus
  3. Sin Nombre virus
  4. Hantaan virus
63
Q

Which non-hemorrhagic Philippine virus found in pigs falls under Bunyaviridae?

A

Ebola reston

64
Q

Examples of viruses under Arenaviridae

A
  1. Lassa virus
  2. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus
65
Q

Examples of viruses under Togaviridae

A
  1. Rubella
  2. Chikungunya
  3. Equine encephalitis viruses
66
Q

Which common RNA virus is capable of antigenic shift?

A

Influenza A

67
Q

Examples of viruses under Orthomyxoviridae

A

Influenza viruses

68
Q

Examples of viruses under Flaviviridae

A
  1. Yellow fever virus
  2. Dengue virus
  3. Japanese encephalitis virus
  4. West Nile virus
  5. Hepatitis C virus
69
Q

In ELISA, what antibody should be targeted for higher specificity in distinguishing Japanese encephalitis and Dengue?

A

IgM

70
Q

Examples of viruses under Filoviridae

A

Ebola viruses

71
Q

Examples of viruses under Picornaviridae

A
  1. Polio virus
  2. Coxsackie virus
  3. Echo virus
  4. Hepatitis A virus
  5. Rhinovirus
  6. Foot and Mouth virus
72
Q

Examples of viruses under Paramyxoviridae

A
  1. Parainfluenza viruses 1 - 4
  2. Measles virus
  3. Mumps virus
  4. RSV
73
Q

Examples of viruses under Retroviridae

A
  1. Human T-lymphotropic Virus (HTLV)
  2. HIV
74
Q

Examples of viruses under Reoviridae

A

Rotaviruses (common in GI tract)

75
Q

Examples of viruses under Rhabdoviridae

A
  1. Rabies virus
  2. Vesicular stomatitis
76
Q

Examples of viruses under Coronaviridae

A

SARS virus

77
Q

Examples of viruses under Caliciviridae

A
  1. Noroviruses (infects GI tract)
  2. Hepatitis E
78
Q

Which viruses are pleiomorphic?

A

Filoviridae and Paramyxoviridae

79
Q

How long does the eclipse phase of viral growth usually last?

A

10 - 12 hours

80
Q

What are the stages of virus replication in animals?

A
  1. Adsorption
  2. Penetration
  3. Uncoating
  4. Duplication/Synthesis
  5. Assembly
  6. Release
81
Q

What surface receptor do viruses normally latch onto?

A

Glycoproteins (i.e. G120 protein)

82
Q

Differentiate penetration via endocytosis, translocation and fusion

A

Fusion = Enveloped

Translocation = Naked

Endocytosis = Both

83
Q

Where can uncoating of viruses occur?

A

ER (sometimes)

84
Q

Why is fusion of the virus with the host cell possible?

A

Because viral envelope is derived from the host, so membrane properties are quite similar

85
Q

What do polyviruses do when penetrating the host cell?

A

Passive transfer of nucleic acid

86
Q

Describe the Baltimore Classification of VIruses

A

I - dsDNA viruses

II - ssDNA viruses

III - dsRNA viruses

IV - ssRNA viruses, (+) sense

V - ssRNA viruses, (-) sense

VI - “diploid” ssRNA viruses w/ dsDNA intermediate

VII - dsDNA viruses w/ ssRNA intermediate

87
Q

What are examples of positive sense ssRNA viruses?

A

Polio virus and Hepatitis A virus

88
Q

What are the products of class IVa and IVb viruses?

A

IVa - polyproteins

IVb - subgenomic proteins

89
Q

What is the exception for class V viruses?

A

Ortho (or influenza viruses) that have capping as the intermediate nuclear step

90
Q

What do class V viruses bring with them?

A

RNA-dependent RNA polymerases

91
Q

What are the three enzymes utilized by Retroviridae in reverse transcription?

A
  1. Reverse transcriptase
  2. Integrase
  3. Protease
92
Q

How is dsDNA synthesized in class VII viruses?

A

(+) strand - mRNA

(-) strand - reverse transcriptase

93
Q

How is dsDNA replicated in viruses?

A

Virus uses host’s DNA-dependent RNA polymerase to produce RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, which is transported into the nucleus from the cytoplasm.

94
Q

Which viruses must synthesize their own DNA-dependent DNA polymerase?

A
  1. Adenovirus
  2. Herpesvirus
  3. Poxvirus
95
Q

Examples of dsRNA viruses

A

Rotavirus and Colorado Tick Fever Virus

96
Q

Mechanism of RNA replication in dsRNA viruses

A

Parent RNA -> Transcriptase -> Positive mRNA -> Negative mRNA

97
Q

Replication is _________ in dsRNA viruses

A

Conservative

98
Q

Reverse transcriptase is also known as…

A

RNA-dependent DNA polymerase

99
Q

In latent RNA viruses, what happens to the replicated DNA?

A

It may embed itself in the host genome and remain latent.

100
Q

What are the two main stages of virion release?

A

Budding and Lysis

101
Q

Which viruses exhibit lysis as their mechanism of releasing newly produced virions?

A

Naked and complex viruses

102
Q

Which viruses exhibit budding or exocytosis as their mechanism of releasing newly produced virions?

A

Enveloped viruses

103
Q

Majority of antiviral drugs are for what family of viruses?

A

Herpesviridae

104
Q

Which virus is self-limiting and produces paralysis in only 1 - 2% of the affected population?

A

Polio virus

105
Q
A

[HS 202] Micro, Para and Psych Transes (3 decks)

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