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Pharmacology and Fluid Therapy > Fundamentals of Pharmacology (Non-Drug Related) (LO1) > Flashcards

Fundamentals of Pharmacology (Non-Drug Related) (LO1) Flashcards

1
Q

The word pharmacology comes from the Greek words

A

Pharmakon meaning drug or poison

logos meaning word or discourse

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2
Q

The goal of emergency pharmacology in the prehospital setting is

A

to use medication’s to reverse, prevent or control various diseases and illnesses, chronic and acute

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3
Q

Ancient Health Care

A

Ancient Egyptian healthcare was heavily influenced by spiritual beliefs however it incorporated Basic first aid and chemical compounds to treat certain ailments

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4
Q

The Pre-Renaissance and Post- Renaissance Periods

A

Doctors had no concept of viruses or bacteria it was believed that sickness represents punishment for one sins

Attempts to treat ailments centered on approaches intended to counteract the presenting symptoms

Presenting symptoms were categorized based on their moisture and temperature blood was hot and wet, phlegm was cold and wet, black bile was cold and dry, and yellow bile was hot and dry

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5
Q

Modern Health Care

A

The modern pharmaceutical industry began in the 19 century with the discovery of highly active medicinal compounds that could be manufactured on a large scale

Although not every condition has a cure virtually all diseases can be treated to some degree with medications

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6
Q

Pharmacology is defined as

A

the study of drugs and their effects on the body

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7
Q

Common Pharmacology Abbreviations

  • IV
  • IM
  • SQ
  • ET
A

IV (intravenous)
IM (intramuscular)
SQ or SC (subcutaneously)
ET (endotracheal)

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8
Q

Common Pharmacology Abbreviations

  • IO
  • PO
  • PRN
  • NEB
A

IO (intraosseous)
PO (per os or by mouth)
PRN (pro re nata or as needed)
NEB (nebulized)

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9
Q

Common Pharmacology Abbreviations

  • o.d 
  • b.i.d
  • t.i.d
  • q.i.d 
A

o. d (once a day)
b. i.d (twice a day)
t. i.d (three times a day)
q. i.d (four times a day)

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10
Q

Common Pharmacology Abbreviations

  • q
  • IN
  • p.r.
A

q (every)
IN (Intra Nasal)
p.r. (Per Rectum)

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11
Q

Pharmaceutical preparations

A

are preparations that make a drug suited to certain method(s) of administration.

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12
Q

characteristics or properties that dictate in what form drugs will be manufactured

A

Some drugs deteriorate when dissolved in solution and are, therefore, manufactured in powder form and dissolved just prior to administration.
—This is usually the case with injectable antibiotics.

Some drugs are destroyed when taken by mouth.
—For example, insulin can only be injected and is manufactured in a sterile liquid form that can be injected.

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13
Q

Today, drug companies try to prepare drugs in forms that:

A

Can be easily administered.

Contain the exact dose that a physician prescribes.

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14
Q

Extract

A

Concentrated preparation of a drug made by putting the drug into a solution and evaporating the excess solvent

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15
Q

Powder

A

A drug that has been ground into a pulverized form

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16
Q

Capsule

A

 A gelatin container that encloses a dose of medication

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17
Q

Pulvule

A

 Similar to a capsule except that it is not made of gelatin

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18
Q

Tablet

A

 A powdered drug that has been pressed into a small disk

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19
Q

Suppository

A

A drug in a firm base that is designed to melt at body temperature

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20
Q

Ointment

A

 A semisolid preparation that is designed for external application

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21
Q

Patch

A

Contains medication on the surface of an adhesive patch

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22
Q

Solution

A

 A liquid containing one or more chemicals dissolved in water

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23
Q

Suspension

A

Supplied as a powder and requiring the addition of water

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24
Q

Fluid extract

A

Concentrated form of the drug prepared by dissolving the drug in the fluid

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25
Q

Tincture

A

Dilute alcoholic extract of a drug

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26
Q

Spirits

A

Preparation of a volatile substance dissolved in alcohol

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27
Q

Elixir

A

Solution with alcohol and flavoring added

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28
Q

Milk

A

Aqueous suspension of an insoluble drug

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29
Q

Emulsion

A

One liquid (usually oil) distributed in small globules in another liquid (usually water)

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30
Q

Liniments

A

A lotion that is designed for external use

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31
Q

Vapour

A

Liquid form that when placed in a device that allows vaporization, allows the patient to inhale the medication

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32
Q

drug use:

  • define
  • examples

Prevention

A

A drug used to prevent the occurrence of a disease.

Heptavax B®
Tetanus toxoid

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33
Q

drug use:

  • define
  • examples

Diagnosis

A

A drug used to determine the nature of an illness or disease.

Radiopaque dyes  

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34
Q

drug use:

  • define
  • examples

Treatment

A

A drug used in the management of a disease or disorder.

Lidocaine
Atropine

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35
Q

drug use:

  • define
  • examples

Cure

A

A drug used to eliminate the disease process.

Ampicillin
Cloxacillin

36
Q

drug use:

  • define
  • examples

Contraception

A

A drug used to prevent pregnancy.

Ortho® 7/7/7 28 days
Norinyl® 1/50

37
Q

drug use:

  • define
  • examples

Health Maintenance

A

A drug taken to maintain homeostasis and supplement deficient body chemistry.

Vitamins B12
Vitamin C
Humulin N
Novolin® ge Toronto

38
Q

Sources of Medications

A

plant
animal
mineral
synthetic

39
Q

plant meds

A

can come from a root, leaf, flower or seed of a plant

Morphine is generally accepted to be the first active ingredient isolated from a plant for pharmacological purposes; it was first isolated from the opium poppy in the early 1800s

Digitalis  for heart failure is prepared from the dried leaves of a flower called Purple Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea)

40
Q

animal meds

A

Common medications that are derived from animal source are select types of insulin and a thyroid medication called
Armour®

Both of these medications are derived from pigs (porcine).

  • —Insulin is derived from the pig’s pancreas
  • – Armour® from the pig’s thyroid.
41
Q

mineral meds

A

Minerals can be used to treat many medical problems

Common minerals that are used as part of a treatment for patients are calcium, potassium, iron, and magnesium

42
Q

synthetic meds

A

derived from a synthetic source are created in a laboratory

may provide an alternative source to those found in nature or be an entirely new medication

A common medication that is derived from a synthetic source is Demerol

43
Q

Health Canada’s Therapeutic Products Directorate (TPD)

A

ensures the safe and efficacious medication’s are available in Canada

aims to balance potential health benefits with risk to patient safety post by drugs

44
Q

Compendium of Pharmaceuticals and Specialties (CPS)

A

complies data on most medication’s available in Canada uses; includes info on indications, dosages, contraindications and adverse reactions

45
Q

Hospital formulary

A

a list of medication’s, dosage forms, package sizes and medication strength stocked by particular hospitals and it’s pharmacies

46
Q

Drug inserts

A

printed document included in the packaging provided by medication to manufacture often referred to as product monograph

47
Q

American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Info

A

provides another source of useful in miscellaneous drug info for pharmacist and medical practitioners includes generic and trade names

48
Q

Epocrates, Lexi-Comp, Micromedex

A

reliable and popular resources online easy to use great source of drug info

49
Q

Every medication is assigned 4 names

A

Chemical name
Trade name
Generic name
Official Name

50
Q

define medication

A

is a drug that has been approved by the government agency that regulates pharmaceuticals

51
Q

Health Products and Food Branch (HPFB)

A

is the Canadian agency that regulate pharmaceuticals

The Food and Drugs Act is the applicable legislation that ensures public safety with regard to medication

52
Q

A drug as defined by health Canada

A

is any substance or mixture of substances manufactured, sold or represented for use in:

The diagnosis, treatment, mitigation, or prevention of a disease, disorder, or abnormal physical state or its symptoms in human beings are animals

Restoring, corrected or modifying organic functions in human beings or animals

Disinfection in premises in which food is manufactured, prepared or kept

53
Q

Pharmaceutical companies protect their investments by obtaining patents on their new drugs

A

A patent gives its holder exclusive rights to produce and sell the drug until the patent expires

After it loses its patent the medication may then be available as generic drug (nonpatented) from multiple sources

54
Q

The chemical name

A

describes the drugs chemical makeup, it’s composition and molecular structure

55
Q

The generic name

A

is a general name for a drug and is usually created by the company that first manufactures the chemical

56
Q

International Nonproprietary Name Program

A

1950s the world health organization initiated to standardize generic names

57
Q

The trade name or brand name

A

is the unique name under which the original manufacture registers the new drug with the HPFB

58
Q

Drug legislation

A

responsible for ensuring that standards are maintained

59
Q

Every health worker must have a working knowledge of the legal implications associated with giving drugs so that he/she will be able to

A

Interpret drug data

Evaluate therapeutic (desired) response

Recognize his/her responsibilities when administering narcotics and controlled drugs

Remain within the necessary restrictions imposed by the laws

Recognize their responsibilities when involved with clinical tests of experimental drugs

60
Q

Canadian Regulation of Pharmaceuticals

A

They prohibit manufactures from making false claims about their medication benefits or advising patients to administer the medication’s incorrectly

They seek to protect patients from medication’s that might cause harm and require drug manufacturers to publish information about side effects unknown potential harmful effects of their products

Outline standards for drug manufacturers to ensure the medication is produced by different manufacturers are of uniform strength and purity

61
Q

Manufacturing Related Regulations

A

Guarantee standardization of doses

Standardization assures patients that when they take a medication with a stated amount of the active ingredient they will receive that amount of the medication

The amount of active ingredient must be within 95% to 105% of that stated on the label

Assay

Bioassay

62
Q

Assay

Bioassay

A

Assay: an Analysis of the drug itself to evaluate its potency

Bioassay: it’s a procedure for determining the concentration, purity and/or biological activity of a substance by measuring its effect on an organism, tissue, cell or enzyme

63
Q

The HPFB

A

is Canada’s federal authority responsible for regulation of health products and food through enforcement of the food and drug act

64
Q

Within HPFP there are three directorates:

A

The Therapeutic Products Directorate reviews the safety and efficacy of pharmaceuticals and medical devices and authorizes their use in Canada

The National Health Products Directorate regulates natural health products such as vitamins or herbal supplements

The Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate regulates biological and radiopharmaceutical drugs

65
Q

The Office of Controlled Substances

A

ensures that controlled substances and drugs are not diverted for illegal use

it developed legislation, regulations, policies and operations to support the control of illicit drug use

66
Q

The Pharmaceutical Advertising Advisory Board and Advertising Standards Canada

A

independently review pharmaceutical advertisements to determine compliance with the Food and Drug Act

67
Q

The Marketed Health Products Directorate is responsible for post marketing surveillance of adverse events secondary to market and drugs

A

In the event that a product quality or safety comes into question it can work with other health Canada directorates to remove the product from the market or provide safety information

68
Q

The Drug Approval Process

A

the average time for a drug to be developed, tested and approved is approximately nine years

All new drugs must go through animal studies and clinical trials in humans before they are approved for distribution

69
Q

Clinical trials proceed in four phases

A

Phase 1: the new drug is tested in healthy volunteers to compare human data with those in animals to determine safe doses of drug and to assess its safety

Phase 2: these trials are performed in homogeneous population of patients one group receives the drug in the other group receives the placebo

Phase 3: in these clinical trials the drug is made available to a large group of patients

Phase 4: after successful completion of phase 3 the drug company can submit a New Drug Submission to the HPFB for approval to market the drug

70
Q

The Canadian Health Protection Branch of the Department of National Health and Welfare

A

is responsible for administration and enforcement of federal legislation for the Food and Drugs Act and the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act

71
Q

Canadian Drug Legislation

A

the Food and Drugs Act and the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act together with provincial acts and regulations that govern the sale of poisons and drugs and those that govern the health professions, are designed to protect the Canadian consumer from health hazards, deceptive advertising of drugs, cosmetics, and devices, and adulteration of food and drugs

72
Q

The Canadian Food and Drugs Act

A

First passed in 1920 and most recently revised in 1985

Aims to protect the public from mislabeled, poisonous or otherwise harmful foods and medications

 divide drugs into various categories.

73
Q

There are three major classifications of drugs under the Food and Drugs Act:

A

Non-prescription drugs
Prescription drugs, and
Restricted drugs.

74
Q

The Canadian Controlled Drugs and Substances Act 

A

governs the possession, sale, manufacture, production, and distribution of narcotics in Canada

Only authorized persons can be in possession of a narcotic and must keep a record of the name and quantity of all narcotics dispensed and they must ensure the safekeeping of narcotics

75
Q

The  Controlled Drugs and Substances Act  organizes drugs into eight schedules, depending on

A

their dependence and abuse potential and their usefulness in medical therapy:

76
Q

The  Controlled Drugs and Substances Act:

Schedule i

A

Includes narcotics such as opium, heroin, morphine, and cocaine

77
Q

The  Controlled Drugs and Substances Act:

Schedule ii

A

Includes cannabis and cannabis resin

78
Q

The  Controlled Drugs and Substances Act:

Schedule iii

A

Includes stimulants and hallucinogens

79
Q

The  Controlled Drugs and Substances Act:

Schedule iv

A

Includes anabolic steroids, barbiturates, and benzodiazepines

80
Q

The  Controlled Drugs and Substances Act:

Schedule v

A

Includes phenylpropanolamine

81
Q

The  Controlled Drugs and Substances Act:

Schedule vi

A

Includes precursors that can be converted or used to produce “designer drugs” or other controlled substances

82
Q

The  Controlled Drugs and Substances Act:

Schedule vii

A

Defines limits associated with application of cannabis — related penalties, cannabis (3 kg), and cannabis resin (3 kg)

83
Q

The  Controlled Drugs and Substances Act:

Schedule viii

A

Defines limits associated with application of cannabis — related penalties, cannabis (30 kg), and cannabis resin (1 g)

84
Q

MedSask

A

provides health care professionals and consumers with objective, concise and unbiased information on drug therapy

85
Q

Canada Vigilance Regional Office (Saskatchewan)

A

Report adverse drug reactions to the Canadian Vigilance Program

86
Q

RxFiles Academic Detailing Program

A

The RxFiles provides objective comparative drug information to promote optimal drug therapy

87
Q

The Saskatchewan Formulary

A

is a list of the drugs of proven high quality that have been approved for coverage under the Drug Plan

Pharmacology and Fluid Therapy (12 decks)

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