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IT-RAD102 [MIDTERMS] > Fundamentals of Nervous System > Flashcards

Fundamentals of Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the master controlling system of our body?

A

Nervous System

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2
Q

This is a function of the nervous system wherein our sensory receptors receive all information from the external environment

A

Sensory Input

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3
Q

A function of the nervous system wherein information are processed and integrated.

A

Integration

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4
Q

A function of the nervous system wherein it receives the processed information, which helps to activate the effector organs

A

Motor Output

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5
Q

The central nervous system (CNS) consists of what organs?

A
  1. Brain
  2. Spinal cord
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6
Q

This type of nervous system is the integrating and control center of the nervous system.

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)

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7
Q

This type of nervous system consists of the nerves and ganglia

A

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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8
Q

What division of PNS is the “carrying impulses towards the PNS” ?

A

Sensory division (AFFERENT)

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9
Q

What division of PNS is the “carrying impulses away from the PNS” ?

A

Motor division (EFFERENT)

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10
Q

What are the 2 types of efferent / motor division of the PNS?

A
  1. Somatic
  2. Autonomic
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11
Q

This type of motor division (efferent) transmits impulses specifically to skeletal muscles

A

Somatic

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12
Q

This type of motor division (efferent) transmits impulses to the visceral muscles, those that have involuntary movement

A

Autonomic

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13
Q

What are the 2 types of Autonomic Nervous System?

A
  1. Sympathetic
  2. Parasympathetic
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14
Q

The 2 types of cells in the nervous system are:

A
  1. Neurons
  2. Glial Cells
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15
Q

This is the cell responsible for conducting impulses

A

Neurons

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16
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Neurons are also known as the nerve cells.

A

TRUE

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17
Q

What are the structural units of the nervous system?

A

Neurons

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18
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Glial cells are also known as the neuroglia.

A

TRUE

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19
Q

These cells are primarily supportive cells of CNS and PNS

A

Glial Cells

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20
Q

This type of cell of the nervous system only functions to protect and support the structure of the nervous system.

A

Glial Cells

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21
Q

Based on the parts of a neuron, cell body is also known as?

A

Perikaryon or Soma

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22
Q

This is the biosynthetic center of the neuron because it contains all the organelles needed to synthesize proteins.

A

Cell body

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23
Q

This part of a neuron acts as a receptive neuron.

A

Dendrites

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24
Q

This part of a neuron provides area for receiving all the signals from other neurons

A

Dendrites

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25
Q

This part of a neuron is also known as the nerve fiber.

A

Axons

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26
Q

Once signals are received from the dendrites, the ________ will generate the nerve impulses and then transmit it away from the cell body.

A

Axons

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27
Q

A part of a neuron which is known as the secretory region.

A

Axon terminal

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28
Q

These are chemicals which carry impulse to be relayed to the effector cells of an effector organ.

A

Neurotransmitters

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29
Q

These are the capsule-like structures which is a part of a neuron.

A

Myelin sheath

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30
Q

This part of a neuron act as an electrical insulator.

A

Myelin sheath

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31
Q

This part of a neuron increases transmission of impulses as regards to their speed.

A

Myelin sheath.

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32
Q

This part of a neuron forms the myelin sheaths, and is a type of glial cell.

A

Schwann cells

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33
Q

These are the gaps between the myelin sheaths.

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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34
Q

This is also known as the myelin sheath gap.

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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35
Q

Assists in insulating the impulses towards the axon.

A

Nodes of Ranvier.

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36
Q

A type of neuron wherein many processes extend from the cell body, and is found in the CNS.

A

Multipolar neuron

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37
Q

A type of neuron wherein 2 processes extend from the cell body, and is mostly found in eyes, nose, and transmits signals to the brain/CNS

A

Bipolar neuron

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38
Q

A type of neuron wherein one process extends from the cell body (example: being pinched).

A

Unipolar neuron / Pseudounipolar neuron

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39
Q

This is a type of glial cell which has the shape of a sea anemone.

A

Astrocytes

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40
Q

This is a type of glial cell which provides structural support, neutral signaling, and anchors neurons to their supply line for its nourishment.

A

Astrocytes

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41
Q

This type of glial cell monitors the health of nearby neurons, protects CNS from infection, and transforms into a specialized form of a macrophage to phagocytize microorganisms that poses threat to the neurons.

A

Microglial cells

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42
Q

A type of glial cell which are ciliated to assist in the movement of fluid within the brain and the spinal cord ; these cells line the fluid-filled cavities within the CNS.

A

Ependymal cells

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43
Q

What are the two known neurotransmitters?

A
  1. Acetylcholine
  2. Norepinephrine
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44
Q

This organ primarily acts as a center of reflex and to provide tracts to carry information to the brain and transmit motor instructions to the muscles or glands.

A

Spinal cord

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45
Q

The inferior end of the spinal cord and spinal nerves existing there resembles a horse’s tail, which is called as?

A

Cauda equina

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46
Q

What are the 3 ascending tracts?

A
  1. Spinothalamic tract
  2. Dorsal region
  3. Spinocerebellar tract
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47
Q

An ascending tract wherein sensations of pain, temperature, touch, pressure, tickle, and itch are transmitted here.

A

Spinothalamic tract

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48
Q

An ascending tract wherein deep pressure and vibration sensation is transmitted here.

A

Dorsal column

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49
Q

An ascending tract that transmits awareness to movement and body position, and is related to proprioception.

A

Spinocerebellar tract

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50
Q

A descending tract that originates from the cerebral cortex down to the spinal cord to control the skeletal muscle movements.

A

Corticospinal tract

51
Q

This descending tract relays impulses to the limbs to be able to govern movement.

A

Rubrospinal tract

52
Q

This descending tract maintains posture when the body is in motion.

A

Reticulospinal tract

53
Q

This tract relays impulses to limbs, neck, and back primarily to maintain an upright posture

A

Vestibulospinal tract

54
Q

This descending tract relays impulses to the muscles of the head and trunk in response to visual and auditory stimuli

A

Tectospinal tract

55
Q

These are grooves that partially divides the spinal cord from left to right portion.

A

Anterior median fissure and Posterior median fissure

56
Q

These are 2 masses that are located superficially and is mostly embedded with myelinated axons.

A

White matter

57
Q

This is where ascending and descending tracts are located.

A

White matter

58
Q

This is located deep into the spinal cord and it looks like a letter H

A

Gray matter

59
Q

Most vital functions happen in the ______ organ.

60
Q

How many multipolar neurons are located inside the brain?

A

100 billion

61
Q

What are the major regions of the brain?

A
  1. Cerebrum
  2. Diencephalon
  3. Cerebellum
  4. Brainstem
62
Q

What are the parts of a brainstem?

A
  1. Medulla oblongata
  2. Pons
  3. Midbrain
63
Q

Vital functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing is controlled by the _________ of the brain.

64
Q

Most inferior portion of the brainstem

A

Medulla oblongata

65
Q

Respiratory and cardiac center

A

Medulla oblongata

66
Q

These consists of descending tracts since it is connected to the spinal cord. Also, it carries action potential from the brain to the motor neurons of the spinal cord.

67
Q

This part of a brainstem contains relay nuclei from cerebrum to cerebellum, and is for chewing and salivation.

68
Q

This is the smallest region of the brainstem

69
Q

This contains the four mounds o colliculi which functions like the spinal cord as for the reflex but only to a very limited extent.

70
Q

Another term for the four mounds of the midbrain (colliculi):

A

Corpora quadrigemina

71
Q

A colliculus for visual reflexes is known as the?

A

Superior colliculus

72
Q

A colliculus for auditory reflexes is known as the?

A

Inferior colliculus

73
Q

This is the cauliflower-like structure of the brain

A

Cerebellum

74
Q

Cerebellum is attached to the brainstem by several large connections called _________________________.

A

Cerebellar peduncles

75
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Cerebellum provides instruction to the cerebrum to have a well-coordinated muscle movement.

76
Q

A peduncle attached to the midbrain

A

Superior peduncle

77
Q

A peduncle attached to the pons

A

Middle peduncle

78
Q

A peduncle attached to the medulla oblongata

A

Inferior peduncle

79
Q

This structure connects 2 cerebellar hemispheres

80
Q

This is a pattern of white matter that’s like a branching tree.

A

Arbor vitae

81
Q

What are the 3 parts of diencephalon?

A
  1. Epithalamus
  2. Thalamus
  3. Hypothalamus
82
Q

This part of diencephalon is involved in emotional and visceral response to odors

A

Epithalamus

83
Q

This is consisted of pineal gland.

A

Epithalamus

84
Q

This is a part of the endocrine system which influences the secretion of melatonin

A

Pineal gland

85
Q

This is a hormone responsible for sleeping

86
Q

This part of diencephalon controls the sleep-wake cycle

A

Epithalamus

87
Q

This accounts for the 80% of diencephalon

88
Q

Raw information are brought in this part of the diencephalon.

89
Q

This part of diencephalon influences mood and registers an unlocalized, uncomfortable perception of pain

90
Q

These look like jelly beans ; each of them varies in what kind of impulse are being brought into the thalamus.

A

Main thalamic nuclei

91
Q

This is the most inferior part of the diencephalon

A

Hypothalamus

92
Q

A part of diencephalon important in maintaining homeostasis.

A

Hypothalamus

93
Q

This is the emotional part of our brain.

A

Limbic system

94
Q

This part of diencephalon is involved in nervous perspiration.

A

Hypothalamus

95
Q

This part of diencephalon controls body temp., hunger, and thirst

A

Hypothalamus

96
Q

The largest part of the brain.

97
Q

What percentage does the cerebrum consist of in the brain’s mass?

98
Q

This is where our conscious mind is found.

99
Q

This is where we are able to interpret raw information from our sensory inputs.

100
Q

These are numerous folds of each hemisphere.

101
Q

These are intervening grooves of the cerebrum.

102
Q

What are the lobes of the cerebrum?

A
  1. Frontal lobe
  2. Parietal lobe
  3. Occipital lobe
  4. Temporal lobe
103
Q

This separates the 2 hemispheres of the cerebrum

A

Longitudinal fissure

104
Q

Lobe of the brain wherein the cognitive function is found

A

Frontal lobe

105
Q

Lobe of the brain that receives visual input

A

Occipital lobe

106
Q

Lobe of the brain that evaluates sensory input such as touch, pain, pressure, temperature, and taste

A

Parietal lobe

107
Q

Lobe of the brain responsible for hearing, smell, and memory

A

Temporal lobe

108
Q

What are the 3 layers of meninges?

A
  1. Dura mater
  2. Arachnoid layer
  3. Pia mater
109
Q

Also referred to as the tough mother ; the superficial, thickest, and strongest layer of meninges.

A

Dura mater

110
Q

This resembles a spider web-like extensions, and is the second layer of meninges.

A

Arachnoid layer

111
Q

Also referred to as the gentle mother ; innermost part which is bound to the surface of the brain

112
Q

This allows the production of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

Choroid plexus

113
Q

These are fluid-filled cavities of the CNS.

A

Ventricles

114
Q

These are ventricles in the cerebral hemisphere.

A

Lateral ventricles

115
Q

This is a ventricle in the diencephalon

A

Third ventricle

116
Q

This is specifically where CSF is produced in the midbrain.

A

Cerebral aqueduct

117
Q

This is specifically where CSF is produced in the spinal cord.

A

Central canal

118
Q

This is formed in the choroid plexuses in the ventricles.

A

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

119
Q

This forms a liquid that cushions and gives buoyancy to the entire CNS

A

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

120
Q

This is the ability of the brain to float in the skull through which it produces the 97% of the weight of CSF.

121
Q

Where does the CSF exits?

A

Through the fourth ventricle

122
Q

How many ml of CSF is produced by the choroid plexus?

123
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

124
Q

Cranial nerves are categorized into:

A
  1. Sensory
  2. Motor
  3. Mixed

IT-RAD102 [MIDTERMS] (5 decks)

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