Fundamentals of Histology Lecture Flashcards
What are neutrophils most commonly associated with?
Inflammation - acute
What are lymphocytes and plasma cells most commonly associated with?
Chronic inflammation (lymphomas- if monoclonal)
Can be elevated in ulcerative colitis.
What are eosinophils associated with?
Allergies and asthma
Parasitic infections e.g. schistosomiasis
Tumours e.g. Hodgkin’s disease (natural body’s response to a tumour)
What are mast cells associated with?
These are basophilic and can be associated with allergic reactions such as urticaria
What are macrophages associated with?
Late acute inflammation
Chronic inflammation (including granulomas)
Define granuloma.
Organised collection of activated macrophages (become secretory)
Giant cells can be formed by the fusion of several macrophages.
What are the types of tumours?
- •Carcinomas
- •Sarcomas
- •Lymphoma
- •Melanoma
- •Etc.
List some types of carcinomas.
- •Squamous cell carcinomas e.g. in cervix, anus, oesophagus etc.
Keratin production
Intercellular bridges
- •Adenocarcinomas e.g.
Mucin production
Glands
- •(Transitional cell carcinomas) e.g. urothelial
Where do intercellular bridges occur? What if keratin is found between them?
Intercellular bridges are found in normal squamous epihthelium
If keratin is found then squamous cell carcinomas
Why can you get squamous cell tumours in the lung?
No squamous epithelium in lung but these tumours are common. This is because of metaplasia e.g. due to smoking causing squamous metaplasia.
What are the common sites of squamous cancers?
- •Skin
- •Head and neck
- •Oesophagus
- •Anus
- •Cervix
- •Vagina
List sites of origin of adenocarcinomas.
- Prostate
- •Lung
- •Breast
- •Stomach
- •Colon
- •Pancreas
- •Etc.
What stain is used to confirm melanoma?
Malignant melanoma - FONTANA stain can be used
Name two types of stains.
- •(Histo)Chemical - Based on the chemical reaction between the stain and a specific component of the tissue. The product of this reaction has a specific colour or other property which can be identified.
- •Immunohistochemical - mon/polyclonal; Based on using an antibody specific to an antigen in the tissue; Need a detection system to make this binding visible.
What stain is used to detect amyloid?
Congo red stain
Apple green birefringence
What stain can be used to detect TB?
Ziehl–Neelsen
What stain can be used to detect haemochromatosis?
Prussian Blue Iron Stain - +ve
Why are epithelial markers important?
Different cytokeratins have different epithelial markers
E.g. CK20 +ve, CK7 -ve is most likely to be a carcinoma of the colon. Helps identify the primary tumour. This only matters if it matters for treatment of the patient.
What kind of marker is CD45?
Lymphoid marker
