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Year 3 - Infectious Disease > Bacteria and Symptoms > Flashcards

Bacteria and Symptoms Flashcards

1
Q

Which bacteria causes TB?

A

Mycobacteria tuberculosis

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2
Q

What are the features of mycobacteria tuberculosis?

A

Slow growing, obligate aerobic bacteria.

Acid-fast bacilli (AFB)

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3
Q

Which stains can be used for mycobacterium tuberculosis? What medium is it grown on?

A

Acid-fast bacilli (AFB) which stains with Ziehl-Neelsen and auramine-rhodamine stain.
Traditionally grown on Lowenstein-Jensen media.

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4
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of TB?

A

Systemic features include weight loss and night sweats.
Pulmonary features of tuberculosis include cough and haemoptysis.
Extra-pulmonary abscesses can form and bone infection may occur (spinal TB = Pott’s disease).
Erythema nodosum may occur in TB and tuberculous meningitis can develop.

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5
Q

What is the cause of meningococcal meningitis?

A

Neisseria meningitidis bacteria

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6
Q

What are the features of neisseria meningitidis?

A

Also called meningococcus.

Gram NEGATIVE diplicocci. Catalase and oxidase +ve.

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7
Q

What are signs/symptoms of meningococcal meningitis?

A

Meningitis - headache, nausea, vomiting, pyrexia, photophobia.
Kernig sign +ve and neck stiffness.

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8
Q

What is the rash like in septicaemia caused by meningitis?

A

Purpuric non-blancing rash.

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9
Q

What is the cause of staph infections?

A

Staphyloccocus aureus at site or disseminated disease e.g. septicaemia.

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10
Q

What are the features of staph. aureus? What is its pattern of growth? Is it coagulase +ve or -ve?

A

Gram positive.
Grows in clusters and colonies appear yellow/golden on medium. Shows beta-haemolysis of blood agar medium. Coagulase +ve.

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11
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of staph infection?

A

MRSA= methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus.
Not multi-resistant.
Resistance to penicillins by beta-lactamases.
Can cause pneumonia post-influenza.

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12
Q

What is the most common cause of pneumonia?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

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13
Q

What are the features of streptococcus pneumoniae?

A 
Also called pneumococcus.
Alpha-haemolytic
Gram positive diplicocci. 
Oxidase +ve, catalase –ve.
Grow in chains or pairs.
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14
Q

What is the periodicity of mycoplasma pneumoniae?

A

Occurs in 3-4 year cycles

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15
Q

What is the most common cause of atypical pneumonia?

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

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16
Q

What are the features of mycoplasma pneumoniae? Which medium does it grow on?

A

Intracellular bacteria which lacks complete cell wall.

Cold agglutinins +ve on blood test (50-70%), grows on Eaton’s agar.

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17
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of atypical pnuemonia?

A

Headache and malaise precede pulmonary features.

Host of extra-pulmonary features e.g. myocarditis.

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18
Q

What colour is the sputum in streptococcus pneumonia infection?

A

Productive cough (rusty coloured spututm), dyspnoea, pyrexia.

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19
Q

What is the colour of sputum in haemophilus pneumonia?

A

Yellow/green productive cough.

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20
Q

What are the features of haemophilus influenzae bacteria?

A

Gram negative bacilli

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21
Q

Which bacteria causes pneumonia in COPD commonly?

A

Haemophilus influenzae

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22
Q

Name 3 causes of atypical pneumonia.

A
  • Mycoplasma pneumoniae
  • Chlamydia pneumoniae
  • Legionella pneumophila

Other:

  • Chlamydophila psittaci
  • Coxiella burnetii
  • Viral pneumonias: SARS, RSV, adenonviridae, chickenpox pneumonitis.
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23
Q

Which bacteria causes pneumonia in cystic fibrosis and neutropenic states?

A

Pseudomonas aeuroginosa infects in CF, neutropenic states e.g. cytotoxic chemotherapy.

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24
Q

Describe the features of pseudomonas aeuroginosa. What does it produce in culture?

A

Gram negative bacilli

Produces green pigment (pyoverdin) in culture.

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25
Q

Which patients are most likely to develop pneumonia due to Klebsiella spp.?

A

Elderly pt with heart or lung disease
Diabetics
Alcoholics
Cancer patients

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26
Q

What are the features of Klebsiella spp?

A

Gram negative bacilli

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27
Q

Describe the sputum in Klebsiella pneumonia.

A

Purulent or blood stained sputum. Can be gelatinous.

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28
Q

Which patients get PCP (pneumocystic carinii pneumonia?

A

Immunocompromised

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29
Q

What is the new name given to pneumocystis carinii?

A

Pneumocystis jirovecii

30
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of penumocytis jirovecii pneumonia?

A

Fever, marked dyspnoea (out of proportion from CXR findings), non-productive cough.

31
Q

Which bacteria causes Legionnaire’s disease?

A

Legionella pneumophila

32
Q

Which pneumonia-causing bacteria is associated with water source/poor ventilation?

A

Legionella pneumophilia

33
Q

What are the features of legionella pneumophilia?

A

Gram negative aerobic bacilli.

Catalse, oxidase, beta-lactamase +ve.

34
Q

What are the features of streptococcus viridans?

A

Alpha-haemolytic and differentiated from Streptococcus pneumoniae by optochin test.

35
Q

Which test differentiates between streptococcus pneumonia and streptococcus viridans?

A

Optochin test

36
Q

Which bacteria causes group A strep infections like strep throat?

A

streptococcus pyogenes

37
Q

Name 3 types of infection caused by streptococcus pyogenes.

A

Strep throat
Endocarditis
Scarlet fever

38
Q

What are the features of streptococcus pyogenes? What is elevated when infected?

A

Beta-haemolytic streptococcus with group A antigen.

Elevated anti-streptolysin A titre following infection.

39
Q

What is a possible consequence of strep throat?

A

Strep throat can lead to rheumatic fever via immune reaction.

40
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of scarlet fever?

A

Fever, rigors, headache vomiting and lymphadenopathy.
Blanching eythematous rash.
Strawberry tongue then raspberry tongue.

41
Q

Which bacteria causes shigella dysentery?

A

Shigella flexineri

42
Q

How is shigella flexineri transmitted?

A

Faeco-oral route

43
Q

What are the features of shigella flexineri?

A

Gram negative with four serotypes.

44
Q

What is a symptom of shigella dysentery infection?

A

Frequent small volume stools with blood and mucus.

45
Q

Which bacteria causes Letospirosis?

A

Leptospira interrogans

46
Q

How is Letospirosis contracted?

A

Spirochete zoonosis.

Ingestion of infected water.

47
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of Letospirosis?

A

Jaundice and haemorrhage. Severe headache, malaise, fever, anorexia and myalgia.

48
Q

Which bacteria causes Lyme disease?

A

Borrelia bugdorferi

49
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of Lyme disease?

A

Initially skin lesions and headache, myalgia, arthralgia.

Second stage month later with neurological features.

50
Q

What is a common cause of hospital acquired diarrhoea?

A

Clostridium difficile

51
Q

What toxins are produced by c. difficile? How are they detected?

A

Produces two major toxins toxin A (enterotoxic) and B (cytotoxic).
ELISA for toxins as diagnostic tool.

52
Q

What are the features of c. difficile bacteria?

A

Gram positive anaerobic bacilli.

53
Q

What is the main cause of C. difficile diarrhoea? What is a possible consequence?

A

Disruption to normal commensals in the gut by broad spectrum antibiotics (e.g. co-amoxiclav) can cause overgrowth.

May lead to pseudomembranous colitis.

54
Q

Which bacteria causes Leprosy(Hansen’s disease)?

A

Mycobacterium leprae

55
Q

What are the features of myobacterium leprae?

A

Gram positive aerobic rod.

Does not grow in culture.

56
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of leprosy?

A

Anaesthetic skin lesions.

Peripheral nerve damage.

57
Q

Which bacteria causes gastroenteritis?

A

Campylobacter jejuni

58
Q

How is campylobacter jejuni transmitted?

A

Zoonotic infection.

Bowel commensal in many livestock

59
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of gastroenteritis? How does it differ from salmonella infection?

A

Crampy abdominal pains, nausea and profuse diarrohaea, sometimes blood stained.
Longer incubation than salmonella.

60
Q

Which bacteria cause salmonella?(2)

A

Salmonella enteritidis

Salmonella typhimurium

61
Q

What are the features of salmonella bacteria? Which medium can be used to grow it?

A

Gram negative
MacConkey agar plates- hints towards enterococci.
Incubation 12-48 hours.

62
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of salmonella?

A

Crampy abdominal pains, nausea, diarrohea and occasional fever.

63
Q

What infections does esterichia coliform commonly cause?

A

Gastroeneritis

UTI

64
Q

Which form of esterichia coliform is enterotoxic?

A

Commensal forms are not pathogenic. Enterotoxic forms include 0157:H7

65
Q

What bacteria cause typhoid/enteric fever?

A

Salmonella typhi

Also Salmonella paratyphi

66
Q

How is typhoid contracted?

A

Faeco-oral contact

67
Q

What are the features of salmonella typhi? Which medium does it grow on?

A

Gram negative

MacConkey agar plates

68
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of typhoid?

A

Onset non-specific; intermittent fever, headache and abdo pain.
Abdominal tenderness, hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy and maculopapular rash.

69
Q

List some complications of typhoid.

A

Complications include meningitis, pneumonia, bone infections and perforation.

70
Q

Which bacteria causes Q fever?

A

Coxiella burnetii

71
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of Q fever?

A

Fever, malaise, headache with multiple lesions on CXR.

Year 3 - Infectious Disease (15 decks)

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