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Chemistry GCSE > Fundamentals of chemistry 2 > Flashcards

Fundamentals of chemistry 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is an isotope?

A

isotopes are different forms of the same element, that have the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons.

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2
Q

what is the pH scale.

A

a scale to tell how alkaline or acidic something is.

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3
Q

what color does a pH 14 alkaline turn in universal indicator?

A

purple

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4
Q

acid + metal –> _____+______

A

acid + metal –> salt+ hydrogen

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5
Q

acid + metal oxide –> _____+_____

A

acid + metal oxide –> salt+ water

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6
Q

acid + metal carbonate –> ____ + ____

A

acid + metal carbonate –> salt + carbon dioxide

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7
Q

what is a displacement reaction?

A

A displacement reaction occurs when a more reactive element displaces, or pushes out, a less reactive element from a compound that contains the less reactive element.

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8
Q

what was rutherfords gold foil experiment?

A

he fired a beam of alpha particles onto some gold foil surrounds by a substance that flashed when in contact with the alpha particles. when he fired them most went straight through others were deflected back and some of them where redirected off course.

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9
Q

what were rutherfords conclusions from the gold foil experiment?

A

1)most of an atom is empty space.
2)the center(nucleus) has a positive charge

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10
Q

how do you work out relative atomic mass ?

A

sum of(an isotope abundance x the isotope mass)
—————————————————-
sum of abundance of all the isotopes

e.g
(69.2 x 63) + (30.8 x 65) / 69.2 + 30.8

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11
Q

what equipment do you need for filtration?

A

filter paper, filter funnel, conical flask

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12
Q

what equipment do you need for evaporation?

A

evaporating dish, tripod, gauze, heat proof mat, bunsen burner.

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13
Q

what might simple distillation be used for?

A

separating out solutions with different boiling points

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14
Q

what is fractional distillation used for?

A

seperating mixtures of similar boiling points (liquids).

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15
Q

what is a fractionating column?

A

a tube full of little glass rods that is cooler at the top than the bottom.

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16
Q

what was democritus’ theory in 500 b.c

A

that everything was made up of things called atoms that could not be separated any further

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17
Q

what was John dalton’s theory

A

-all matter is composed of atoms
-atoms of each element are the same size, mass ,ect., but are different from atoms of other elements.
-atoms can’t be subdivided(cut) or destroyed
-atoms are tiny solid balls

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18
Q

what did JJ.thomson believe?

A

he believed that the electrons were like “plums” embedded in a positively charged “pudding”

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19
Q

who did the gold foil experiment?

A

Ernest Rutherford

20
Q

what was niels bohr’s theory

A

he suggested that the electrons orbited the positive nucleus in shells

21
Q

What part of the atom did James Chadwick discover?

A

the neutron

22
Q

what makes a atom stable

A

a full outer shell

23
Q

what is the atomic number

A

the amount of protons (so therefore ,also the amount of electrons).

24
Q

what are the noble gasses

A

elements with full outer shells so they don’t really react much

25
Q

who created the periodic table?

A

dimiti mendelev.

26
Q

what is in the top left of an element on the periodic table and what does it tell us?

A

mass number (number of protons and neutrons)

27
Q

what does it tell you if an element is in group 2?

A

that its outer-most shell has 2 electrons in it

28
Q

what does it tell us if an element is in period 3?

A

it has three shells

29
Q

what do you call group 1

A

alkali metals

30
Q

what do you call group 7 ?

A

halogens

31
Q

what makes something an acid?

A

any substance that forms an aqueous solution with a pH less than 7

32
Q

what ions do alkalis form in water?

A

OH- ions (hydroxide ions)

33
Q

what products do you get if you react a acid with a base?

A

salt + water

34
Q

what does pH scale measure?

A

the concentration of Hydrogen ions

35
Q

what makes something more reactive than something else?

A

how easily it can gain or lose electrons.

36
Q

what is titration?

A

a way of figuring out the concentration of an acid by working out the specific amount of alkali that is needed to react with it to neutralise it.

37
Q

what is the method for titration?

A

1) use a pipette to transfer 25cm³ of sodium hydroxide solution into a conical flask
2)Add 5 drops of indicator such as Phenolphthalein to the alkali in the conical flask
3)place the conical flask on a white tile so we can see a colour change more clearly
4)fill a burette with sulfuric acid
5)add acid to the alkali until the solution is neutral. we need to add the perfect amount for this to happen. once we start to see a colour change go drop by drop.
6)read the volume of acid added from the burette.

38
Q

what is the method for making copper sulfate crystals out of copper oxide and sulfuric acid

A
  1. Heat up 25cm3 of sulfuric acid until almost boiling, to increase the rate of reaction between the acid and copper oxide.
  2. Add a small amount of copper oxide using a petri dish and stir slowly with a glass rod. Repeat this until there is clearly powder left at the bottom after stiring, this shows that the acid is fully reacted.
  3. Using filtration seperate out the excess copper oxide for the copper sulfate solution.
  4. Place the solution into an evaporating dish and boil at a low temperature until half of the solution remains.
  5. Leave the solution in the evaporating dish in a cool dry place for 24 hours to fully crystallise.
39
Q

what is the symbol equation for copper sulfate?

A

CuSO₄

40
Q

what is chromatography?

A

Chromatography is a process for separating components of a mixture.

41
Q

how does chromatography work

A

Chromatography is based on the principle where molecules in a mixture are applied onto a surface (stationary phase)and are separating from each other while moving at different speeds with the aid of a mobile phase.

42
Q

why might one component of a mixture go really high on the chromatography paper.

A

as it has a greater affinity to the mobile phase than the stationary phase

43
Q

how do you work out Rf value?

A

distance of sample / solvent front

44
Q

what is the solvent front?

A

how far you let the water travel up the paper.

45
Q

what is gas chromatography?

A

where you seperate a mixture of gases by dissolving them in a mobile phase and making them travel up a tube filled with bits of stuff (the stationary phase). you time how long it takes for the components to travel up the tube.

46
Q

how does a fractionating column work?

A

it works as it forces any solution that is not fully a gas (a vapour) to come in contact with the beads and drip back down into the mixture.

Chemistry GCSE (7 decks)

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