fundamentals exam 3 pt2 Flashcards
List the food components
Carbs, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals
What are fat-soluble vitamins?
Vitamins that dissolve in fats and oils
What are water-soluble vitamins?
Vitamins that dissolve in water
What lifespan issues could impact nutrition?
Age-related changes, health conditions, accessibility
What should the RN educate each lifespan on regarding nutrition?
Nutritional concerns and dietary needs specific to age
Discuss potassium: functions and food sources
Functions: muscle function, nerve signals; Foods: bananas, potatoes, spinach
Discuss sodium: functions and food sources
Functions: fluid balance, nerve transmission; Foods: table salt, processed foods
Discuss magnesium: functions and food sources
Functions: muscle and nerve function, energy production; Foods: nuts, whole grains, leafy greens
Discuss calcium: functions and food sources
Functions: bone health, muscle function; Foods: dairy products, leafy greens, fortified foods
What are blood glucose levels?
The concentration of glucose in the blood
What is hypoglycemia?
Low blood sugar levels
What is hyperglycemia?
High blood sugar levels
What complications can arise from hypoglycemia?
Confusion, seizures, loss of consciousness
What complications can arise from hyperglycemia?
Diabetic ketoacidosis, long-term organ damage
What is albumin?
A protein in blood plasma
What is pre-albumin?
A protein that indicates short-term nutritional status
Why are albumin and pre-albumin important?
They assess nutritional status and liver function
What are concerns/complications of poor nutritional status?
Weight loss, weakened immune response, muscle wasting
What assessments would be included in nutritional status evaluation?
Diet history, physical examination, laboratory tests
What is included in a cholesterol panel?
Total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, triglycerides
What should be high and low in a cholesterol panel?
High: HDL; Low: LDL, total cholesterol
What does an elevated cholesterol panel indicate?
Increased risk of cardiovascular disease
What education should the RN provide to a patient with elevated cholesterol?
Dietary changes, exercise recommendations, medication adherence
What should a nutritional assessment include?
Dietary intake, medical history, physical assessment
What is BMI and why is it important?
Body Mass Index; it assesses body weight relative to height
What are the BMI ranges for categories?
- Underweight: <18.5
- Normal: 18.5-24.9
- Overweight: 25-29.9
- Obesity: ≥30
How do cultural influences impact nutrition?
Food choices, dietary restrictions, meal patterns
Discuss special diets and provide examples
- Mediterranean: fruits, vegetables, whole grains
- Cardiac/low sodium: lean proteins, low-sodium foods
- Full-liquid diet: smoothies, soups
- Clear-liquid diet: broth, clear juices
How should an RN assist a patient with visual impairment during feeding?
Provide verbal cues, guide utensils
How should an RN assist a patient with dementia during feeding?
Use simple instructions, maintain a calm environment
What is dysphagia?
Difficulty swallowing
How does dysphagia impact feeding?
Increases risk of aspiration and malnutrition
When preparing to insert an NGT, how should the RN measure?
From the nose to the ear to the xiphoid process
What strategies should the RN perform to verify nasogastric placement?
Aspirate gastric contents, check pH, confirm with X-ray
What steps/concerns need to be addressed prior to feeding a patient via NGT?
Verify placement, assess tolerance, ensure proper feeding technique
What is the function of oxygen?
Essential for cellular respiration and energy production
What is hypoxia?
Insufficient oxygen in the tissues
What does RAT to BED stand for?
Respiratory Assessment Tool to Bedside Evaluation and Diagnosis
What is a normal pH level?
7.35-7.45
What is a normal CO2 level?
35-45 mmHg
What is a normal HCO3 level?
22-26 mEq/L
What is a normal PaO2 level?
75-100 mmHg
What are the various oxygen delivery systems?
- Nasal cannula
- Simple mask
- Venturi mask
- Non-rebreather mask
- CPAP
What is a humidification bottle used for?
To add moisture to inhaled oxygen
What is an incentive spirometer?
A device to encourage deep breathing
What are non-pharmacological interventions that can enhance sleep?
- Sleep hygiene education
- Relaxation techniques
- Cognitive behavioral therapy
What is the difference between side effects and adverse effects?
Side effects are expected; adverse effects are harmful or unintended
List the various routes of medication administration
- Oral
- Intravenous
- Intramuscular
- Subcutaneous
- Topical
What is the difference between a prescription and over-the-counter medication?
Prescription requires a doctor’s order; OTC can be purchased without one
How can vitamins and caffeine impact medication administration?
They can interact with medications and alter absorption or efficacy
What are the rights of medication administration?
- Right patient
- Right medication
- Right dose
- Right route
- Right time
What should the RN do if a medication error occurs?
Report the error, assess the patient, document the incident
What are some medication aides?
Pill organizers, medication reminders, educational pamphlets
How should the RN administer eye drops?
Instill drops into the conjunctival sac without touching the eye
How should the RN administer ear drops?
Tilt the head, pull the ear up and back, instill drops
What are the various injection types?
- Intravenous
- Intramuscular
- Subcutaneous
- Intradermal
What are the angles for each injection type?
- Intravenous: 25-30 degrees
- Intramuscular: 90 degrees
- Subcutaneous: 45-90 degrees
- Intradermal: 15 degrees
What are pharmacological interventions that can enhance sleep?
- Benzodiazepines
- Non-benzodiazepine sleep aids
- Melatonin
