fundamentals exam 3 Flashcards
study guide
What is nutrition?
Refers to the process by which the body ingests, absorbs, transports, utilizes, and eliminates nutrients, to maintain health, support growth, and sustain bodily functions.
What do nutrients provide?
The building blocks for cells and tissues, supply energy, and help manufacture, maintain, and repair cells.
What are Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI)?
Guidelines for nutrient intakes.
What is the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)?
Nutrient intake for 50% of people.
What is the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)?
Intake that meets 97-98% of healthy people.
What is Adequate Intake (AI)?
Used when RDA is not available.
What is the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)?
Maximum safe intake level.
What is the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR)?
Recommended balance of carbs, fats, and proteins.
What are examples of tools for balanced nutrition?
- USDA Dietary Guidelines
- MyPlate
- Nutrition Facts Label
What is the primary function of carbohydrates?
Primary source of energy for body.
What are simple carbohydrates?
Sugars such as glucose and sucrose.
What are complex carbohydrates?
Starches such as potatoes, rice, and pasta.
What are the functions of proteins?
- Build and repair tissues
- Support immune function through antibody production
- Act as enzymes, hormones, and neurotransmitters
What are complete proteins?
Animal sources such as meat, eggs, and dairy.
What is the function of lipids?
Provide a concentrated source of energy and are essential for the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K).
What are unsaturated fats?
Healthy fats found in olive oil, avocados, and nuts.
What are saturated fats?
Fats found in butter, fatty cuts of meat, and coconut oil.
What is the function of water in nutrition?
Maintains fluid balance and regulates body temperature.
What are water-soluble vitamins?
Vitamins needed for daily intake that are not stored, such as C and B-complex.
What factors affect nutrition?
- Age
- Lifestyle choices
- Culture
- Health conditions
- Medications
- Special diets
What are physical signs of nutritional imbalances?
- Poor skin healing
- Muscle loss
- Abnormal vital signs
What is the normal blood glucose level for ages 19-65?
<70-100 mg/dL
What does prealbumin labs assess?
Nutritional status and protein levels.
What effect do monounsaturated fats have on LDL and HDL?
- Lowers LDL
- Raises HDL
What is overnutrition?
Excessive intake of nutrients leading to health complications.
What is undernutrition (malnutrition)?
Insufficient intake of nutrients to meet the body’s needs.
What is the formula for calculating BMI?
BMI = Weight (kg) / Height (m)²
What is dysphagia?
Difficulty swallowing.
What is the IDDSI Framework?
Categorizes the consistency of foods and liquids for dysphagia patients.
What are the levels of the IDDSI Framework?
- Level 0: Thin liquids
- Level 1: Slightly thick liquids
- Level 2: Mildly thick liquids
- Level 3: Moderately thick liquids
- Level 4: Extremely thick liquids
- Level 5: Minced and moist foods
- Level 6: Soft foods
- Level 7: Regular, non-modified foods
What is the purpose of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES)?
Uses a low-level electric current to activate swallowing muscles and improve swallowing function.
What are the two main concepts of oxygenation?
- Respiration
- Ventilation
What is ventilation?
Movement of air in/out of lungs.
What is respiration?
Exchange of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) at the alveolar and tissue levels.
What is lung compliance?
The point to which a lung can expand in response to increased pressure within the alveoli.
What is external respiration?
Occurs in the alveolar of the lungs where oxygen diffuses into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out.
What is internal respiration?
Occurs in body organs and tissues where oxygen diffuses from the blood to tissue cells.
What factors influence the rate of diffusion in the lungs?
The thickness of the membrane and the total surface of lung tissue available for gas exchange
This is crucial for effective gas exchange during respiration.
Where does alveolar capillary gas exchange occur?
In alveoli
This is where oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide is expelled.
What is the process of Internal Respiration?
Occurs in body organs and tissues where oxygen diffuses from blood into tissue cells for metabolism and CO2 diffuses from cells into blood
This is essential for cellular metabolism.
Define hypoxemia.
Low arterial blood oxygen levels (<95% SpO2)
It is caused by poor oxygen diffusion due to lung or pulmonary circulation disorders.
What is hypoxia?
Inadequate oxygenation of organs and tissues
This can lead to organ damage due to low oxygen at the cellular level.
What is hypercarbia (hypercapnia)?
An excess of dissolved carbon dioxide in the blood
It is often caused by hypoventilation.
What is hypocarbia (hypocapnia)?
Low level of dissolved carbon dioxide in blood
This condition is typically caused by hyperventilation.
List early signs of hypoxia.
- Restlessness
- Confusion
- Tachycardia
- Tachypnea
- Elevated BP
- Pale skin or mucous membranes
Recognizing these signs is vital for timely intervention.
List late signs of hypoxia.
- Cyanosis (blue skin/lips)
- Bradycardia
- Bradypnea
- Hypotension
- Cardiac dysrhythmias
- Stupor
These signs indicate severe oxygen deprivation.
What environmental factors can influence pulmonary function?
- Respiratory distress syndrome
- Upper respiratory infections
- Adolescent smoking
- Cardiac insufficiency
These factors can significantly affect lung health.
What diagnostic tests are used to assess oxygenation status?
- Sputum samples
- Skin testing
- Pulse oximetry
- Capnography
- Spirometry
- ABGs: PO2, PCO2
- Peak flow monitoring
These tests help determine oxygen levels and lung function.
What is the flow rate for a nasal cannula?
1-6 L/min
It is suitable for patients with low oxygen needs.
What is the function of a simple face mask?
Provides moderate oxygen needs, delivering 5-10 L/min
It is used post-surgery or for mild to moderate hypoxia.
What is a non-rebreather mask used for?
Delivers high oxygen concentrations, typically 6-15 L/min
It is used in emergencies such as severe hypoxia, shock, or CO poisoning.
What is the function of a partial-rebreather mask?
Allows some exhaled air to be rebreathed, increasing oxygen while retaining some CO2
Used in respiratory insufficiency and CO poisoning.
What is the flow rate for a Venturi mask?
4-12 L/min
It provides precise oxygen delivery, suitable for CO2-retaining patients.
What are methods to improve oxygenation?
- Incentive spirometry
- Deep breathing
- Hydration
- Chest physiotherapy
These methods help enhance lung function and oxygen intake.
What is the purpose of an incentive spirometer?
Helps patients exercise their lungs and prevent lung infections
It is often recommended after surgery or illness.
What is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?
A progressive lung disease that makes it difficult to breathe, primarily including emphysema and chronic bronchitis
Commonly caused by long-term smoking.
What are common symptoms of COPD?
- Shortness of breath
- Chronic cough
- Wheezing
- Increased mucus production
- Frequent respiratory infections
These symptoms can significantly impact quality of life.
What is hypercapnia?
High levels of carbon dioxide in the blood
It is often a result of COPD due to impaired gas exchange.
What are clinical signs of CO2 retention?
- Confusion
- Drowsiness
- Headache
- Shortness of breath
- Increased respiratory rate
- Flushed skin
- Muscle twitching
Monitoring these signs is critical for COPD management.
What are the rights of medication administration?
- Right medication
- Right patient
- Right dose
- Right route
- Right time
- Right documentation
These rights help prevent medication errors.
What are common sleep disorders?
- Insomnia
- Circadian Disorders
- Sleep apnea
- Narcolepsy
- Hypersomnia
- Restless leg syndrome
Understanding these disorders is essential for effective treatment.
What is insomnia?
Inability to fall or remain asleep or go back to sleep
It can significantly impact daily functioning and well-being.
What is the duration of NREM Stage I sleep?
A few minutes
This stage is characterized by light sleep and easy awakenings.
What is the duration of REM sleep?
10-60 minutes
REM sleep is essential for memory consolidation and emotional processing.
List nursing interventions to promote sleep.
- Practice cluster care
- Create a restful environment
- Promote comfort
- Support bedtime rituals
- Maintain safety
These interventions can enhance sleep quality for patients.
What is atonia?
Atonia is the absence of muscle tone or tension.
What is memory consolidation?
Memory consolidation is the process by which recent experiences are transformed into stable long-term memories.
What is emotional processing?
Emotional processing refers to the ability to understand and manage emotions.
What time frame is associated with sleep stage transitions?
10-60 minutes (longer later in the night).
List lifestyle changes for managing Mild/Moderate Restless Leg Syndrome.
- Decrease alcohol and tobacco
- Avoid stimulants such as caffeine
- Maintain a regular sleep pattern
- Follow a program of regular, moderate intensity aerobic and leg stretching exercise
- Try walking, massaging, stretching, heat or cold compress, medication, vibration, and acupressure.
What are some management options for Moderate Restless Leg Syndrome?
- Dietary iron supplement
- Dopaminergic agents
- Anticonvulsants
- Benzodiazepines
Define Restless Leg Syndrome.
Restless Leg Syndrome is a condition that causes an uncontrollable urge to move the legs, usually due to uncomfortable sensations that worsen at rest and can disrupt sleep.
How can Restless Leg Syndrome be relieved?
- Warm or cold compress
- Increase iron intake
- Stretch or massage
- Exercise regularly
- Avoid caffeine or alcohol
- Maintain sleep schedule
When should medications be taken if the order says ‘on empty stomach’?
- 1 hour prior to meal
- 2 hours after meal
What is the proper use of an Incentive Spirometer?
Inhale deeply, then hold breath 3 to 5 seconds. Use 10 to 15 times, every waking hour.
True or False: Venturi masks give the most accurate oxygen concentration.
True
What steps should be followed when administering ear drops to a child?
- Don’t let tip of bottle touch the ear
- Gentle pressure on tragus, after administering ear drops
- Have child lay on their side for at least 2 minutes after administering the drops
- DO NOT pull pinna up and back!
What are considerations for administering transdermal patches?
- Wear gloves
- Clean site where you removed the patch
- Use a different site
- Hairless site
What are the 6 Rights to Medication Administration?
- Right patient
- Right medication/drug
- Right dose
- Right route
- Right time
- Right Documentation
What is the best site for IM injection?
Vastus Lateralis
What does LDL stand for and what is its significance?
LDL = Bad fat
What does HDL stand for and what is its significance?
HDL = Good fat
List signs and symptoms of Nicotine Withdrawal.
- Irritability
- Restlessness
- Difficulty sleeping
- Fatigue
Give examples of heart healthy foods.
- Salmon
- Oats
- Fruits
What are good sources of Calcium?
- Milk
- Cheese
- Sardines
- Broccoli
- Almonds
What is the medical term for bloody sputum?
Hemoptysis
What is the purpose of sleepwalker signs in hospitals?
To maintain patient safety, prevent injury, and ensure appropriate care and support for any underlying causes.
List signs and symptoms of an Asthma Exacerbation.
- Cyanosis of lips
- SOB
- Wheezing
- Coughing
- Chest tightness
- Increased respiratory rate
- Difficulty speaking
- Use of accessory muscles
What are the late signs of Hypoxia?
- Dizziness
- Dyspnea
- Tachycardia
What positions are optimal for breathing?
- Tripod
- High fowlers
Where should you assess skin for NG Tube patients?
- Nostrils
- Behind ears
- Under chin
Define Ventilation.
Ventilation is the process of inhalation and exhalation.
List the fat-soluble vitamins.
- A
- D
- E
- K
List the water-soluble vitamins.
- B-complex
- C
What should you never do with medications prepared by someone else?
Never administer meds prepped by someone else.
What should you never crush?
Never crush SR (sustained release), ER (extended release), EC (enteric coated) / capsules.
What is central cyanosis?
Central cyanosis can be assessed on tongue & gums.
What vaccines are recommended for chronic respiratory disease?
- Pneumococcal
- Influenza
How can aspiration be prevented?
Elevate head of bed 45 degrees.
