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Spanish Wine Scholar > Fundamentals > Flashcards

Fundamentals Flashcards

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1
Q

When and where did the Phoenicians arrive in Spain and what did they introduce

A

Southern Spain around 3,000 years ago. Introduced iron. olive oil, vitis vinifera, wine making and amphorae for wine transport

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2
Q

When and where did the Celts settle in Spain

A

From the 10th to 7th Century BC in Northern Spain

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3
Q

When and where did the Greeks settle in Spain

A

Around 7th century BC in NE Spain ( Catalunya and Valencia )

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4
Q

What did the Greeks name Spain and after what geographic feature

A

Iberia after the river Iber ( Ebro )

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5
Q

Who arrived after the fall of Phoenacia and when

A

The Carthaginians around 6th century BC

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6
Q

When did the Romans arrive

A

3rd century BC

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7
Q

Which 2 parties fought over the Ebro River valley during the Roman invasion and who won

A

The Vascones and Celtiberians. The Celtiberians won

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8
Q

When the Romans conquered the whole peninsula what did they name it

A

Hispania

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9
Q

What was the Roman method of vinification called and what style of wine did it produce

A

Vinum Ceretensis. Strong sweet wine

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10
Q

Which Germanic tribes migrated to Spain in the 5th century AD and with whom did the Romans contract to try and repel them

A

Vandals, Alans, Hasdingi and Silingi. Romans contracted with the Visigoths who eventually conquered them

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11
Q

Which 2 peoples are referred to collectively as the Moors and when did they arrive in Spain to defeat the Visigoths

A

Arabs and Berbers. Arrived in 711 and defeated in 1492

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12
Q

Why did the Moors most likely tolerate wine production

A

They taxed it and also enjoyed nabibi, a sweet wine from the south made with raisins

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13
Q

For how long did the Moors rule an Islamic Spain

A

800 years

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14
Q

What was the Reconquista and when did it start

A

The recapture of Spain from the Moors by the Christians. Started in 722 in the battle of Covadonga

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15
Q

Where would the pilgrims head to in N Spain on their pilgrimage

A

Santiago de Compostela

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16
Q

Which Burgundy based people arrived in Spain during the 12th century AD and what impact did they have on wine making methods

A

Cistertian monks were renowned farmers who were known for choosing the best soils and sites for planting vines. They introduced extended maceration, constant cellar temps and keeping barrels full to reduce oxidation

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17
Q

Which English king started trading wine from Spain in the 12th century AD. What was the wine called and where was it from

A

Henry 1. Sherish. sherries sack or sack produced near Jerez de la Frontera

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18
Q

Which wedding united the majority of Spain under one rule and when was it

A

Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile in 1469

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19
Q

What was the final Moorish stronghold and when was it conquered so concluding the reconquista

A

Granada in 1492

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20
Q

What was the Spanish Inquisition and when did it start

A

The Jews were ordered to convert to Christianity or face expulsion. A decade long effort starting in 1492.

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21
Q

Who authorized Columbus’ first voyage and when

A

Ferdinand and Isabella in 1492

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22
Q

What treaty gave Portugal independence from Spain and when was it signed

A

Treaty of Lisbon in 1668

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23
Q

During the 16 and 17th centuries from where was wine exported through Dutch and English traders

A

Bilbao and Santander

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24
Q

Who invented which method of extending wine shelf life in which century

A

Dutch introduced fortification in the 1600s

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25
Q

When were the 3 Carlist wars

A

During the 1600s

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26
Q

Which war started in 1701 due to a French king taking the Spanish throne

A

The War of Succession

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27
Q

What was the treaty of Madrid and when was it signed

A

End of hostility between Spain and Portugal signed in 1750

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28
Q

Which Spanish king was deposed by the French during the Napoleonic wars and when did this occur. When was he reinstated as King

A

Ferdinand VII deposed in 1808 and reinstated in 1814

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29
Q

Which 2 visionaries revolutionised wine making in Rioja in the mid 19th century

A

Baldomero Espartero and Luciano Murrieta

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30
Q

Which advancements in wine making did Murrieta introduce

A

Large vats for crushing and fermentation to reduce heat and oxidation. Small oak barrels for maturation

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31
Q

What ravaged the vineyards of Galicia in the 1850s

A

Powdery Mildew

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32
Q

Who tried to introduce aging of Spanish wine in the 1785. Why did it fail

A

Don Manuel Quintano. Failed because exported wine at the time had to be of uniform price and oak barrels were too expensive

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33
Q

What did the government of Rioja do to curb the export of wine to France during the Phyloxera crisis

A

Banned Bodagas producing less than 750k liters of wine per year from exporting

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34
Q

Where did French winemakers settle in Spain during Phyloxera

A

Rioja, Ribera del Duero, Catalunya and Navarra

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35
Q

When did the Vega Sicilia estate marry international and indigenous grapes with great success. Who was responsible for this and which international grapes did he bring back from Bordeaux

A

Don Eloy Lecanda y Chaves in 1864. Malbec, Cabernet and Merlot

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36
Q

Who invented Cava and when was it first produced

A

Josep Raventos i Fatjo. In 1872

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37
Q

When did Phyloxera hit Spain and why did it not impact the wine industry as hard as other countries

A

In the 1890s. Because a solution had already been found

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38
Q

Why did Spain’s wine industry continue to grow in WW1

A

It remained neutral and supplied both sides

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39
Q

What is the name of the bodies which were formed to control and regulate the Spanish wine industry. When did these start to form

A

Consejo Regulador. In the 1920’s and 30’s

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40
Q

Which war saw Franco take power and when was it fought. Which countries supported him

A

1936 - 1939 the Spanish Civil War. Franco lead the victorious pro church right wing Nationalists. Supported by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy

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41
Q

Which side did Franco led Spain take in WW2

A

It remained neutral

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42
Q

What effect did Franco’s policies have on the wine industry

A

He stifled investment and considered that wine should only be consumed for sacramental purposes. He ordered vineyards to be torn up and replanted

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43
Q

After WW2 what was the reputation of Spanish wine. What was the result

A

Poor. Due to a lack of investment large wine corporations appeared producing largely crappy bulk wine

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44
Q

When did the Spanish wine industry start to reinvent itself after WW2

A

1950’s and 60’s

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45
Q

When did Franco die. What occured as a result in terms of Spain’s leadership

A

20 Nov 1975. Monarchy was reestablished - Juan Carlos was named King

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46
Q

When was Spains 17 autonomous communities formed

A

1978

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47
Q

What resulted in economic investment in neglected regions like La Mancha and Galicia

A

Spain joined the EEC in 1986 which then became the EU in 1993. Funding was received via the European Regional Development Fund

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48
Q

When was irrigation made legal in Spain

A

1996

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49
Q

True or False France has the most land under vine

A

False. Spain does

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50
Q

In addition to Castilian which languages are officially recognized as a result of the 1978 constitution

A

Catalan, Galician, Basque and Valencian

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51
Q

What are the 17 autonomous regions and their capitals

A

Galicia ( Santiago de Compostela ), Asturias ( Ovieto), Cantabria ( Santander), Pais Vasco ( Vitoria-Gasteiz), Navarra ( Pamplona), Aragon (Zarragoza), La Rioja
( Logrono), Catalunya (Barcelona), Castilla y Leon (Valladolid), Communidad de Madrid ( Madrid ), Communidad Valenciana ( Valencia ). Castilla La Mancha ( Teledo ), Extremadura (Merida), Murcia ( Murcia), Andalucia (Sevilla), Las Islas Baleares ( Palma de Mallorca), Las Islas Canarias ( Las Palmas de Gran Canarias / Santa Cruz de Tenerife )

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52
Q

What is the large plateau occupying the central part of Spain. How much of Spain does it occupy

A

The Meseta. 45%

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53
Q

What is the highest peak in the Pireneos. Which region is it found in

A

Aneto 11,000 ft in Navarra

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54
Q

Which range spans from the W edge of the Pirineos to Galicia. Which 4 regions does it cross

A

Cordillera Cantabrica. Pais Vasco, Cantabria, Asturias and Galicia

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55
Q

Which range is part of the Cordillera Cantabrica and is known to have some of the worlds deepest caves. Which 3 regions does it cross

A

Picos de Europa. Asturias, Cantabria and Castilla y Leon

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56
Q

Which range runs NW to SE from near the Cantabrica to the Med coast

A

Sistema Iberico

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57
Q

Where is the Sistema Central

A

Runs east / NE to West / SW along the southern border of Castilla y Leon and the northern border of Extremadura splitting the Meseta in two.

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58
Q

What are the 2 primary ranges of the Sistema Central. What is the highest peak

A

Sierra de Guadarrama ( east ) and Sierra de Gredos (west). Pico Almanzor ( 8,500ft)

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59
Q

What range is found in Catalunya

A

Cordilleras Costero Catalanas runs NE to SW parallel to the med coast

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60
Q

Which mountain range is on the Meseta and forms the N border of La Mancha within Castilla La Mancha

A

Montes de Toledo ( runs east to west )

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61
Q

Where is the Sierra Morena

A

Runs east - west along the S border of the Meseta near N Andalucia

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62
Q

Where is the Sierra Betico what is it divided into

A

Runs SW to NE from gulf of Cadiz to southern Valencia. Divided into Prebetica, Subbetica and Penebetica

63
Q

What is the highest point on Mainland Spain

A

Mulhacen at 11,414 ft

64
Q

Where is Spains highest peak and what is it called. What is notable about it apart from its height

A

Pico del Teide ( 12,000ft) on Tenerife. It is an active volcano

65
Q

What 3 ranges border the Ebro Basin

A

Cantabrica NW, Pirineos NE and Iberico SW

66
Q

What 2 ranges border the Andalucian Plain

A

Sierra Morena N and Sistema Betico S

67
Q

What are the 5 primary rivers of Spain by length. Which direction do they flow

A

Tajo/Tagus, Ebro, Duero, Guadiana and Guadalquivir. All flow south and westward towards the Atlantic except the Ebro which flows towards the Med

68
Q

What is the longest river entirely within Spain ( ie not Portugal also )

A

Ebro

69
Q

What are the 3 categories of soil found in Spain

A

Metamorphic ( shale, slate & schist), Sedimentary ( limestone & chalk ) and Volcanic (granite)

70
Q

where are metamorphic soils primarily found in Spain

A

Northern areas Green Spain, Rioja, Castilla y Leon, Aragon, Navarra and Catalunya

71
Q

what is the name of the soil found in Priorat

A

Lllicorella

72
Q

where in Spain is predominantly sedimentary soil

A

Coastline and Meseta

73
Q

what is the name of the sedimentary soil found in Jerez

A

Albariza

74
Q

where in Spain are volcanic soils found

A

Canary Islands

75
Q

What are the climatic zones of Spain and where are they found

A

Mediterranean ( coastline ), Maritime ( green spain ) and continental ( Meseta and the rest ), subtropical ( canary islands)

76
Q

what is the name of the weather phenomenon which impacts Andalucia and Valencia in Spring

A

Leveche a hot dry wind which blows from the SW originating in N Africa

77
Q

what is the name of the wind which impacts the southern levante to the portuguese border

A

Levante or Solano - a strong hot easterly wind which is funneled between the Penbetica and Atlas Mtns in N Africa

78
Q

What is the Poniente and where does it impact

A

Humid westerly wind which blows through southern Andalucia.

79
Q

What is Spains most widely planted grape and what are its primary regions

A

Airen grown in Castilla La Mancha and Valdepenas

80
Q

Where is Alarije found and what is it’s synonym

A

Extremadura. Subirat Parent

81
Q

Which region has claimed origin of Albarino

A

Val do Salnes in Galicia. Primary DO Rias Baixas

82
Q

What is the grape otherwise known as Turruntes

A

Albilla Mayor

83
Q

Apart from Albillo Mayor what is the other main Albillo grape

A

Albillo Real

84
Q

what are the characteristics of Garnacha Blanca wine

A

High alcohol, low acid prone to oxidation, floral notes

85
Q

where is Godello a major white grape. What are the wines characteristics

A

Galica in Valdeorras. High alcohol, full bodied with good acidity. Capable of aging

86
Q

What are the primary DOs for Hondarrabi Zuri

A

DO Arabako, DO Getaria, DO Bizkaia

87
Q

Where is Macabeo native to. Describe the wines

A

Catalunya, aromatically subtle, low to med acid, responds well to barrel aging as it is resistant to oxidation

88
Q

what are the synonyms for Malvasia Aromatica

A

Malvasia de Sitges, Malvasia de Tenerife

89
Q

what white grape is native to Aragon

A

Parellada

90
Q

True or False. Picapoll Blanco is native to Valencia and is related to Picpoul Blanc found in France

A

False. It is native to Catalunya and unrelated

91
Q

Describe the profile of Treixadura

A

Citrus and stone fruit aromatics

92
Q

what is the major DO for Verdejo. What is its synonym

A

Rueda, Albilla de Nava

93
Q

where is xarel-lo beleived to have come from

A

Sitges in Catalunya

94
Q

what is the synonym for Alicante Bouschet

A

Garnacha Tintorera

95
Q

where is Bobal native to. Describe its character

A

Uteil-Requena in Valencia. Deeply pigmented, moderate alcohol, bright acidity and supple tannin

96
Q

what is the synonym for Carinena

A

Mazuelo. Tannic, high acid deeply pigmented

97
Q

where is Garnacha Tinta native to

A

Aragon. High alcohol, red berry fruit, moderate acid and pigment. Prone to oxidation

98
Q

which basque grape is one of the parents of Cab Franc

A

Hondarrabi Beltza

99
Q

where is Mecia believed to originate

A

Bierzo. Vibrant wines with soft tannin

100
Q

describe wines made from Monastrell

A

dark fruit, high tannin, high alcohol, wild gamey flavors

101
Q

describe the profile of Tempranillo

A

red fruit flavors, low to med acid, high tannin, moderate alcohol. Flavors not overly fruity - tends toward leather, spice with notes of balsa wood and malt

102
Q

what are the synonyms of Tempranillo

A

Cencibel, Tinto Fino, Tinto del Pais, Tinta de Torro, Ull de Llebre, Aragones, Tinto de Madrid, Arauxa, Tinta Roriz

103
Q

For what flavors it Trepat prized

A

Berry fruit and spice

104
Q

why is Spain only the 3rd largest producer of wine when it has the most land under vine

A

It’s plantings are less dense to avoid hydric stress and reduce yields

105
Q

what are Spain’s wine export figures

A

22% of the export market. It is the worlds number one wine exporter

106
Q

what are the top 3 wine producing autonomous regions

A

Castilla la Mancha, Catalunya and La Rioja

107
Q

what are the 3 primary vine training systems used in Spain

A

Pergola, VSP and Gobelet

108
Q

what is the name of the overhead wire used in Pergola training. Why is it popular in N Spain

A

Parra. Region is very wet so overhead arrangement promotes air circulation to avoid mildew and allows even ripening

109
Q

What is another name for Gobelet training

A

En Vaso ( bush vines ) give sun burn protection

110
Q

what is the name of the chessboard like planting system

A

Marco Real. Minimizes hydric stress

111
Q

what is the name of the training system where the head of the vine is trained downward to allow the leaves to protect the fruit below from sunburn

A

En Cabeza

112
Q

what is another name for VSP

A

Espaldera. Allows mechanization

113
Q

approx how many native Spanish grape varieties are believed to exist

A

200

114
Q

Experts believe which 3 internationally important grapes originated in Spain

A

Monastrell ( mourvedre ), Carinena and Garnacha

115
Q

which of Spains indigenous white grapes is internationally important

A

Garnacha Blanca ( France S Rhone )

116
Q

which international varietals have become popular in Spain

A

Cabernet, Merlot, Syrah, Chardonnay and Sauvignon Blanc ( primarily Catalunya, Castilla La Mancha, Castilla y Leon and Navarra

117
Q

What is the name of the technique of adding spirit to stabilize a sweet wine

A

Mutage

118
Q

what is the name of the clay jars historically used to ferment wine in

A

Tinajas

119
Q

what are the traditional aging terms used to denote mature and old wines

A

Noble (18m), Anejo (24m) and Viejo (36m)

120
Q

Historically what were the characteristics of Spanish red wines

A

High alcohol but low acid….white grapes used to be blended in to increase acid

121
Q

white grape Verdejo is prone to oxidation and was used to produce what kind of wine

A

Rancio style

122
Q

what is the traditional times in barrel for the 4 red wine categories

A

Joven None, Crianza 6m, Reserva 12m, Gran Reserva 18m

123
Q

what are the traditional times to release for the 4 red wine categories

A

Joven 1st year following harvest, Crianza 2y, Reserva 3y, Gran Reserva 5y

124
Q

what us the traditional time in barrel for the 4 white wine categories

A

Joven none, Crianza 6m, Reserva 6m, Gran Reserva 6m

125
Q

what are the traditional time to release for the 4 white wine categories

A

Joven ist year following harvest, Crianza 1y, Reserva 2y, Gran Reserva 4y

126
Q

what was the shift in Rosada style in the mid 10th century and where did this originate

A

More provence style rose made by direct press method. Started in Catalunya and Navarra

127
Q

describe the Saignee method of rose production

A

Red grapes are crushed and placed in SS tanks . Skins and juice macerate til color is achieved. Pigmented juice is bled off the tank and fermented into Rose. Remaining must is made into red wine

128
Q

what are the primary grapes used for rosada production

A

Garnacha and Tempranillo

129
Q

when was the term Cava first used

A
  1. A more modern reference appears in 1966
130
Q

what is the liquor used to initiate secondary fermentation in Cava

A

Licor de Tiraje

131
Q

what is the spanish name for fortified wines

A

Vino Generoso eg Sherry

132
Q

what is used to fortify sherry

A

Destilado a distilled wine from Airen

133
Q

which region is dedicated solely to the production of sweet wines

A

DO Malaga

134
Q

what is the renowned sweet wine from Alicante. What is it made from

A

Fondillon made from overripe Monstrell

135
Q

where in Spain are the largest expanse of Malvasia vines in the world

A

Lanzarote

136
Q

in which 3 regions are most of the vinos de pago concentrated around

A

Castilla La Mancha, Navarra and Valencia

137
Q

what was created in Rioja in 1926 to protect the quality and authenticity of the regions wine. Which regions followed suit shortly after

A

Consejo Regulador. Malaga and Jerez

138
Q

when did Spain establish the DO system

A

1932

139
Q

what were the first 19 regions to be awarded DO

A

Rioja, Malaga, Jerez, Tarragona, Priorat, Penedes, Alella, Alicante, Valencia, Utiel Requena, Cheste ( valencia ), Valdepenas, Carinena, Rueda, Rivero ( Ribeiro) Manzanilla, Malvasia - Sitges ( now Penedes), Noblejas ( DO La Mancha) and Conca de Barbera

140
Q

when was the original DO set up revamped

A
  1. A central institute responsible for DO quality was established
141
Q

when was the 1970 DO institute decentralized

A

when the new constitution was adopted in 1978

142
Q

when was DOCa created

A

1988

143
Q

what did the EU introduce in 2008 to try and standardize wine quality across its member nations

A

DOP Protected Designation of Origin (PDO)
IGP Protected Geographical Indication ( PGI)
Wines without geographical origin are called Vino

144
Q

what are the criteria for achieving DOCa

A

DO for 10 years, all grapes from within region, bottled in region, cost double national average

145
Q

what are the criteria for achieving DO

A

use of authorized varietals, production levels, methods and aging times. Recognized as a quality wine production area for 5 years. ( VC status for 5 years)

146
Q

what are the criteria for achieving VC ( Vino de Calidad con Indicacion Geographica

A

Wines produced in a specific region whose quality and reputation are due to the geographic environment of that area

147
Q

what are the criteria for achieving VP status ( Vino de Pago )

A

grown under the distinctive conditions representative of that area, grown, produced and bottled wholly within the estate

148
Q

what is the major difference between VP and DO rules

A

VP are allowed to determine their own rules on varietals, production methods etc so they have more freedom

149
Q

what is the criteria for achieving IGP

A

85% of grapes must come from that area. Wines must represent that area in terms of possessing a specific quality or characteristics which are attributable to the area

150
Q

what are the criteria for achieving VT ( Vino de la Tierra)

A

country wines must come from a particular area and possess identifiable local characteristics. Must have min alcohol content

151
Q

why do some winemakers declassify their wine to Vino de Espana

A

gives them more flexibility

152
Q

what is the bottom up hierarchy of the Spanish wine quality system

A

Vino De La Tierra, Vino Calidad, DOC, DOCa VP

153
Q

according to EU law what must all Spanish wine labels contain

A

Quality designation ( PDO, DO, DOCa, DOQ, DO, VC, VT, VC, VP etc ), name of region, alcohol content, country of origin, name of producer / importer, volume in bottle. In the case of sparkling wine the sugar content must also be shown.

154
Q

what are optional items that could be displayed on a Spanish wine label.

A

Wine name, vintage, aging classification, varietal(s)

Spanish Wine Scholar (4 decks)

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