Fundamentals Flashcards
What cortex is involved in voluntary movement
Posterior parietal cortex
What is good for imaging muscle
MRI- myopathies especially
Imaging peripheral nerves
Ultra
Sound especially for nerve entrapment syndromes
Imaging Plexii
MRI
Imaging spinal cord
MRI gold standard but CT if MRI not possible
Imaging haemorrhage in brain
CT
Imaging blood vessels
Doppler ultrasound especially for carotid vessel
CT and MR angiography for vessels
CR and MR venography
DSA angiography gold standard for intracranial assessment
What are the characteristics of special sense receptors
Have specialized receptor cells, synaptic vesicles, sensory neurons and can initiate action potential
What nerve fibers are unmyelinated
Type C(IV) post ganglionic autonomic visceral and somatic afferents for pain and temperature
What does a Pacinian corpuscle detect
Vibration and pressure
What are the metrics for measuring propagation in clinical neurophysiology
Conduction speed- myelin status
Conduction amplitude - axonal status (number of nerves)
What is the cause of GBS and symptoms
Antibodies cross reacting with myelin sheath
Inflammatory demyelinating
Tingling in both feet and arms, absent tendon reflexes (LMN sign), maybe be breathless
5 main excitatory neurotransmitters
Glutamate
Adrenaline/NA- A or B
Ach- Nicotinic or Muscarinic
Dopamine
Serotonin
Receptor for Glutamate
Metabotropic- G protein coupled
AMPA
NMDA
What is used to measure muscle function
Electromyography - diagnose patients with muscle disorders or MND
What is the bilaminar disk made of
Epiblast and hypoblast
Also have yolk sac and amniotic cavity from blastocele
Which day does the mesoderm from
Day 16
Which layer is the nervous system derived from
Ectoderm layer
Is primitives streak head or tail end
Tail
When does neurulation occur
Week 3, same week as trilaminar disk
Notochord from mesoderm
When is neural tube formed
Week 4
When are brain vesicles formed
Weeks 4 and 5
When does neurogenesis and giliogenesis occur
Week 4-12
What produces CSF and in which ventricles
Choroid plexus, lateral ventricles in particular
What joins lat ventricle to 3rd ventricle
Interventricular foramina (foramina of Monro)
What joins 3rd to 4th ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct
What are the 4 routes of CSF to subarachnoid space
2 lateral apertures (foramina of Luschka)
1 midline aperture (formaina of magendie)
Central canal of spinal cord
What absorbs CSF
Arachnoid granulations in dural venous sinuses
What to test for in ICP
Gram stain and culture for CSF infection oxyhemoglobin and bilirubin for subarachnoid hemorrhage
Oligoclonal bands for MS
What is one cause of CSF overproduction
Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension
Causes of underproduction of CSF
Dehydration and drugs
What is the amount of WBC in CSF usually
5/ microlitre
What causes exocytosis of neurotransmitters like ACh into synaptic cleft
Opening of voltage- gated ca2+ channels which results in influx
What is the use of electrical stimulation of nerve fibres
To initiate propagated AP, and measure the propagation- Conduction speed – Myelin status
Amplitude of response– number of nerves present and stimulated ( axonal status)
What forms the endoderm
Hypoblast
Where does the primitive streak form on
Epiblast
When does spinal cord start developing
Week 5
When does neural migration start
Week 12
When is a blastocyst formed
Day 7
