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Y2 Neuro > Fundamentals > Flashcards

Fundamentals Flashcards

1
Q

What cortex is involved in voluntary movement

A

Posterior parietal cortex

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2
Q

What is good for imaging muscle

A

MRI- myopathies especially

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3
Q

Imaging peripheral nerves

A

Ultra
Sound especially for nerve entrapment syndromes

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4
Q

Imaging Plexii

A

MRI

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5
Q

Imaging spinal cord

A

MRI gold standard but CT if MRI not possible

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6
Q

Imaging haemorrhage in brain

A

CT

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7
Q

Imaging blood vessels

A

Doppler ultrasound especially for carotid vessel

CT and MR angiography for vessels
CR and MR venography
DSA angiography gold standard for intracranial assessment

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of special sense receptors

A

Have specialized receptor cells, synaptic vesicles, sensory neurons and can initiate action potential

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9
Q

What nerve fibers are unmyelinated

A

Type C(IV) post ganglionic autonomic visceral and somatic afferents for pain and temperature

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10
Q

What does a Pacinian corpuscle detect

A

Vibration and pressure

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11
Q

What are the metrics for measuring propagation in clinical neurophysiology

A

Conduction speed- myelin status
Conduction amplitude - axonal status (number of nerves)

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12
Q

What is the cause of GBS and symptoms

A

Antibodies cross reacting with myelin sheath
Inflammatory demyelinating

Tingling in both feet and arms, absent tendon reflexes (LMN sign), maybe be breathless

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13
Q

5 main excitatory neurotransmitters

A

Glutamate
Adrenaline/NA- A or B
Ach- Nicotinic or Muscarinic
Dopamine
Serotonin

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14
Q

Receptor for Glutamate

A

Metabotropic- G protein coupled

AMPA
NMDA

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15
Q

What is used to measure muscle function

A

Electromyography - diagnose patients with muscle disorders or MND

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16
Q

What is the bilaminar disk made of

A

Epiblast and hypoblast
Also have yolk sac and amniotic cavity from blastocele

17
Q

Which day does the mesoderm from

A

Day 16

18
Q

Which layer is the nervous system derived from

A

Ectoderm layer

19
Q

Is primitives streak head or tail end

A

Tail

20
Q

When does neurulation occur

A

Week 3, same week as trilaminar disk
Notochord from mesoderm

21
Q

When is neural tube formed

A

Week 4

22
Q

When are brain vesicles formed

A

Weeks 4 and 5

23
Q

When does neurogenesis and giliogenesis occur

A

Week 4-12

24
Q

What produces CSF and in which ventricles

A

Choroid plexus, lateral ventricles in particular

25
Q

What joins lat ventricle to 3rd ventricle

A

Interventricular foramina (foramina of Monro)

26
Q

What joins 3rd to 4th ventricle

A

Cerebral aqueduct

27
Q

What are the 4 routes of CSF to subarachnoid space

A

2 lateral apertures (foramina of Luschka)
1 midline aperture (formaina of magendie)
Central canal of spinal cord

28
Q

What absorbs CSF

A

Arachnoid granulations in dural venous sinuses

29
Q

What to test for in ICP

A

Gram stain and culture for CSF infection oxyhemoglobin and bilirubin for subarachnoid hemorrhage
Oligoclonal bands for MS

30
Q

What is one cause of CSF overproduction

A

Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension

31
Q

Causes of underproduction of CSF

A

Dehydration and drugs

32
Q

What is the amount of WBC in CSF usually

A

5/ microlitre

33
Q

What causes exocytosis of neurotransmitters like ACh into synaptic cleft

A

Opening of voltage- gated ca2+ channels which results in influx

34
Q

What is the use of electrical stimulation of nerve fibres

A

To initiate propagated AP, and measure the propagation- Conduction speed – Myelin status
Amplitude of response– number of nerves present and stimulated ( axonal status)

35
Q

What forms the endoderm

A

Hypoblast

36
Q

Where does the primitive streak form on

A

Epiblast

37
Q

When does spinal cord start developing

A

Week 5

38
Q

When does neural migration start

A

Week 12

39
Q

When is a blastocyst formed

A

Day 7

Y2 Neuro (3 decks)

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