Functions Of The Brain Flashcards
What pathway for visual perception and what lobe is involved
Anterior Visual Pathway, occipital lobe
Three streams in visual perception
Dorsal- Fast, Parietal
Anterior- Fast, PFC and limbic structures
Ventral- Slow, energy intensive , temporal
Dysfunction of attention key sign in what disease
Delirium
Three main types of memory
Working
Long term
Sensory
Where are:
Central executive
ACC / attention controller
Episodic buffer
Phonological loop
Visuo-spatial sketch pad
PFC
Frontal
Parietal
Frontal to temporal
Occipital
What forms long term memory and problem if damaged
Hippocampus, anterograde amnesia
limbic system structures (for reward and negative emotion)
Positive- nucleus accumbens, medial forebrain bundle, ventral tegmental area
Negative- Amygdala
What are the 4 dopamine pathwats
Mesocortical-reward, cognition
Mesolimbic, reward, emotion
Nigrostriatal- iPD
Tubuloinfundibular- prolactin production
What structures in mesolimbic and mesocortical pathway release dopamine
Substantia Nigra and VTA
Two kinds of apraxia and what lobes are involved
Executive- deficit in sequencing complex movements( SMA and PMA)
Posterior - deficit in spatial construction of complex movements (PPC)
What is involved in CST
Motor regions of cerebral cortex
Brainstem
Spinal cord
Weakness in CST pathology - which muscles
Biceps and quadriceps
What is involved in basal ganglia loop
Cortex
Basal ganglia
Thalamus
Lead pipe Vs clasp knife
Hypokinetic movement disorder( rigidity) Vs spasticity in Pyramidal tract disorder
Where is dopamine supplied from and where to
From Substantia nigra in midbrain to basal ganglia (striatum in particular)
What protein accumulates in Parkinson’s
Alpha synuclein
Symptoms of Parkinson’s
Bradykinesia
Rigidity
Tremor
Postural instability
Treatment for Parkinson’s and what must it be given with
Levo- DOPA with DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor eg. carbidopa or benserazide ( so dopamine is only converted in CNS)
Is tremor EP or pyramidal
Extra pyramidal- normal reflexes and no weakness
What kind of tremor in Parkinson’s
Tremor at rest (even when body part is fully supported against gravity)
Essential tremor caused by?
Alcohol intoxication
Can be postural (against gravity) or simple kinetic(during entire movement trajectory)
Tremor in cerebellar ataxia
Intention tremor- towards specific target
Cerebellar loop
Similar to basal ganglia loop
Disorders with cerebellar loop
Vertigo
Ataxia
Nystagmus
Intention tremor-
Slurred speech (scarring due to small strokes or MS - difficult to monitor volume of speech and timing)
Hypotonia- occasionally in strike
Dysdiodochokinesis
Two types of clinical aphasia
Fluent- Wernicke’s or phonological loop - can speak alot without making sense
Non fluent- Broca
Which area is involved in going to sleep
Ventrolateral pre opticnarea
Which areas involved in waking up
Posterior hypothalamus
Tuberomamillary nucleus and posterior lateral hypothalamus
What is produced in the hypothalamus that is involved in waking up
Histamine from the Tuberomamillary Nucleus to wake up cortex and Orexin from Posterior lateral hypothalamus to switch on the RAS
RAS releases dopamine and ACh (nicotinic receptors)
What causes narcolepsy
Low level of CSF orexin
Sleep disorders in REM and NREM
Sleep walking, confusional arousals and night terrors in stage 3 and 4
Rem sleep behavioural disorder (predictive of alpha synucleinopathy)
Isolated sleep paralysis
What problems in brainstem can affect arousal
RAS
VTA( dopine pathway)
What parts of the brain apart from diencephalon and brainstem can affect arousal
Bilateral thalamus and global cortex
What score in GCS represent comatose client
8
What pathway is involved in orientating response to brain
Spinotectal fibres involved in orientating response
Superior colliculi located in tectum important in controlling eye movements
What is involved in autonomic response for pain
Spinohypothalamic fibres, fight or flight
What is involved in interoceptive cognitive model
Thalamus, Insula, ACC, PFC
Emotional response to pain
Parabrachium, amygdala
What is involved in localisation of pain
Thalamus, primary and secondary somatosensory cortex
How does PAG reduce pain
5HT released by PAG
Travels down CSF to bind to dorsal horn spinal cord interneurones
Triggers release of endogenous opioidsthat bind to opiod receptors and reduce incoming pain pathway activity
What two parts of the brain are receive input/ input into cortical association areas and what are their functions
Cerebellum inputs into cortical association areas which input into basal nuclei ( important for planning movement)
Which hemisphere is apraxia primarily localised inn
Left hemisphere
Aphasia in broca vs wernicke’s
expressive rs receptive
Which part of the brain is the Substantia Nigra found in
Midbrain
Problems with which loop can cause intention tremor?
Cerebellar
Vertigo, ataxia, nystagmus are all symptoms of what disorder?
Cerebellar
What aphasia results when there is problem to phonological loop
fluent
What kind of stimuli is the phonological loop important for
auditory stimuli
Two components of phonological loop (NOT THE AREAS)
articulatory control system and phonological store
Is the hypothalamus part of the limbic system? PFC? Subthalamus, Thalamus?
Yes, no, yes, yes
What causes locked in syndrome
Stroke ( damage to pons)
What sleep disorder is highly predictive of Alpha synucleinopathies
REM Sleep Behavioural Disorders
Pathologies that may cause loss of consciousness
Raised ICP that compromises cerebral perfusion, Electrical Failure (post-seizure), BS/thalamic stroke, metabolic/toxic problems eg. problems with kidney or infectiom
Pathologies that may cause loss of consciousness
Raised ICP that compromises cerebral perfusion, Electrical Failure (post-seizure), BS/thalamic stroke, metabolic/toxic problems eg. problems with kidney or infection
Two neuropathic agents that can be used for Chronic pain, and what else can they be used for
Gabapentin and Pregablin for seizures
