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Y2 Neuro > Functions Of The Brain > Flashcards

Functions Of The Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What pathway for visual perception and what lobe is involved

A

Anterior Visual Pathway, occipital lobe

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2
Q

Three streams in visual perception

A

Dorsal- Fast, Parietal
Anterior- Fast, PFC and limbic structures
Ventral- Slow, energy intensive , temporal

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3
Q

Dysfunction of attention key sign in what disease

A

Delirium

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4
Q

Three main types of memory

A

Working
Long term
Sensory

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5
Q

Where are:
Central executive
ACC / attention controller
Episodic buffer
Phonological loop
Visuo-spatial sketch pad

A

PFC
Frontal
Parietal
Frontal to temporal
Occipital

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6
Q

What forms long term memory and problem if damaged

A

Hippocampus, anterograde amnesia

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7
Q

limbic system structures (for reward and negative emotion)

A

Positive- nucleus accumbens, medial forebrain bundle, ventral tegmental area

Negative- Amygdala

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8
Q

What are the 4 dopamine pathwats

A

Mesocortical-reward, cognition
Mesolimbic, reward, emotion
Nigrostriatal- iPD
Tubuloinfundibular- prolactin production

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9
Q

What structures in mesolimbic and mesocortical pathway release dopamine

A

Substantia Nigra and VTA

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10
Q

Two kinds of apraxia and what lobes are involved

A

Executive- deficit in sequencing complex movements( SMA and PMA)

Posterior - deficit in spatial construction of complex movements (PPC)

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11
Q

What is involved in CST

A

Motor regions of cerebral cortex
Brainstem
Spinal cord

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12
Q

Weakness in CST pathology - which muscles

A

Biceps and quadriceps

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13
Q

What is involved in basal ganglia loop

A

Cortex
Basal ganglia
Thalamus

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14
Q

Lead pipe Vs clasp knife

A

Hypokinetic movement disorder( rigidity) Vs spasticity in Pyramidal tract disorder

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15
Q

Where is dopamine supplied from and where to

A

From Substantia nigra in midbrain to basal ganglia (striatum in particular)

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16
Q

What protein accumulates in Parkinson’s

A

Alpha synuclein

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17
Q

Symptoms of Parkinson’s

A

Bradykinesia
Rigidity
Tremor
Postural instability

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18
Q

Treatment for Parkinson’s and what must it be given with

A

Levo- DOPA with DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor eg. carbidopa or benserazide ( so dopamine is only converted in CNS)

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19
Q

Is tremor EP or pyramidal

A

Extra pyramidal- normal reflexes and no weakness

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20
Q

What kind of tremor in Parkinson’s

A

Tremor at rest (even when body part is fully supported against gravity)

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21
Q

Essential tremor caused by?

A

Alcohol intoxication
Can be postural (against gravity) or simple kinetic(during entire movement trajectory)

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22
Q

Tremor in cerebellar ataxia

A

Intention tremor- towards specific target

23
Q

Cerebellar loop

A

Similar to basal ganglia loop

24
Q

Disorders with cerebellar loop

A

Vertigo
Ataxia
Nystagmus
Intention tremor-
Slurred speech (scarring due to small strokes or MS - difficult to monitor volume of speech and timing)
Hypotonia- occasionally in strike
Dysdiodochokinesis

25
Q

Two types of clinical aphasia

A

Fluent- Wernicke’s or phonological loop - can speak alot without making sense
Non fluent- Broca

26
Q

Which area is involved in going to sleep

A

Ventrolateral pre opticnarea

27
Q

Which areas involved in waking up

A

Posterior hypothalamus
Tuberomamillary nucleus and posterior lateral hypothalamus

28
Q

What is produced in the hypothalamus that is involved in waking up

A

Histamine from the Tuberomamillary Nucleus to wake up cortex and Orexin from Posterior lateral hypothalamus to switch on the RAS
RAS releases dopamine and ACh (nicotinic receptors)

29
Q

What causes narcolepsy

A

Low level of CSF orexin

30
Q

Sleep disorders in REM and NREM

A

Sleep walking, confusional arousals and night terrors in stage 3 and 4

Rem sleep behavioural disorder (predictive of alpha synucleinopathy)
Isolated sleep paralysis

31
Q

What problems in brainstem can affect arousal

A

RAS
VTA( dopine pathway)

32
Q

What parts of the brain apart from diencephalon and brainstem can affect arousal

A

Bilateral thalamus and global cortex

33
Q

What score in GCS represent comatose client

A

8

34
Q

What pathway is involved in orientating response to brain

A

Spinotectal fibres involved in orientating response
Superior colliculi located in tectum important in controlling eye movements

35
Q

What is involved in autonomic response for pain

A

Spinohypothalamic fibres, fight or flight

36
Q

What is involved in interoceptive cognitive model

A

Thalamus, Insula, ACC, PFC

37
Q

Emotional response to pain

A

Parabrachium, amygdala

38
Q

What is involved in localisation of pain

A

Thalamus, primary and secondary somatosensory cortex

39
Q

How does PAG reduce pain

A

5HT released by PAG
Travels down CSF to bind to dorsal horn spinal cord interneurones
Triggers release of endogenous opioidsthat bind to opiod receptors and reduce incoming pain pathway activity

40
Q

What two parts of the brain are receive input/ input into cortical association areas and what are their functions

A

Cerebellum inputs into cortical association areas which input into basal nuclei ( important for planning movement)

41
Q

Which hemisphere is apraxia primarily localised inn

A

Left hemisphere

42
Q

Aphasia in broca vs wernicke’s

A

expressive rs receptive

43
Q

Which part of the brain is the Substantia Nigra found in

A

Midbrain

44
Q

Problems with which loop can cause intention tremor?

A

Cerebellar

45
Q

Vertigo, ataxia, nystagmus are all symptoms of what disorder?

A

Cerebellar

46
Q

What aphasia results when there is problem to phonological loop

A

fluent

47
Q

What kind of stimuli is the phonological loop important for

A

auditory stimuli

48
Q

Two components of phonological loop (NOT THE AREAS)

A

articulatory control system and phonological store

49
Q

Is the hypothalamus part of the limbic system? PFC? Subthalamus, Thalamus?

A

Yes, no, yes, yes

50
Q

What causes locked in syndrome

A

Stroke ( damage to pons)

51
Q

What sleep disorder is highly predictive of Alpha synucleinopathies

A

REM Sleep Behavioural Disorders

52
Q

Pathologies that may cause loss of consciousness

A

Raised ICP that compromises cerebral perfusion, Electrical Failure (post-seizure), BS/thalamic stroke, metabolic/toxic problems eg. problems with kidney or infectiom

53
Q

Pathologies that may cause loss of consciousness

A

Raised ICP that compromises cerebral perfusion, Electrical Failure (post-seizure), BS/thalamic stroke, metabolic/toxic problems eg. problems with kidney or infection

54
Q

Two neuropathic agents that can be used for Chronic pain, and what else can they be used for

A

Gabapentin and Pregablin for seizures

Y2 Neuro (3 decks)

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