Disorders Flashcards
What is the treatment of schizophrenia
Dopamine antagonists
What is depressive disorder probably due to
Monoamine deficiency
Serotonin, dopamine, adrenaline
Provoking factors of seizures
Alcohol withdrawal
Drug abuse
Electrolyte imbalance
Hypoglycaemia
Acute head injury
What may focal onset strokes progress to
Focal to bilateral tonic clonic
What are two generalised idiopathic seizures
Childhood absence epilepsy and juvenile myoclonic epilepsy
What does the PCA supply
Occipital lobes, cerebellum and brain stem
What results on subcortical stroke
Lacunar stroke- small deep perforating arteries
What causes POCS - posterior circulation syndrome
PCA, vertebral and basilar artery stroke
Affects brainstem, cerebellum and cortex
Difference between TACS and PACS
PACS has 2/3 TACS criteria
Which stroke has loss of consciousness
POCS
Unilateral weakness and or sensory deficit of face or arms sign of what stroke
TACS or PACS
Ataxic hemiparesis sign of what stroke?
Lacunar stroke
What lobes are involved in FTD and what problem
Frontal lobe - personality change, dysexecutive syndrome
Lewy Body Dementia
Temporal and occipital lobe
Hallucinosis, fluctuant working memory and posterior apraxia
What lobe is involved in working memory
Parietal and also frontal
Alzheimer’s
Temporal lobe- anterograde amnesia, semantic recognition deficits
Problems with fluency- what dementia
Anterior, frontal dementia- Aphasia
Problems with language- what dementia
Temporal
Problems with visuo-spatial - what dementia
DLB and AD
What drugs for dementia
Achesterase inhibitors
What kind of migraine has brainstem aura
Basilar type migraine
What are two GI symptoms of migraines
Gastroparesis and vomitting
What are symptoms of trigeminal autonomic cephalgias
Autonomic features like pertussis(droopy eyelids, eyelids that go red or stream with tears), increased or reduced sweating and nasal stuffiness or runny nose
Symptoms of arterial dissection
Pain that radiates up one of the eyes
Tearing
Horner’s syndrome
What other CNS pathology can SAH cause and treatment
Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome
CCBs
Presentation of Temporal Arteritis
Above 60yo usually
Tender over temporal artery, jaw claudication
Acute visual loss ep, often ischemic visual loss
Horizontal visual loss ( one half)
Testing for headaches ( SAH)
After how many hours
CT head first
If negative must go lumbar puncture
Check for blood (bilirubin) in CSF unusually will have inflammatorty markers like CRP. ( If blood is in CSF for more than 12 hours it would be broken down to billiburin)
If negative excludes SAH up to 2 weeks after onset
Drug to treat migraine
Triptan
What stage of MS is microglia important in
Progressive MS
What are two autoimmune diseases of PNS and where do they affect
Guillain Barre syndrome- nerves in PNS
Myasthenia Gravis- NMJ
What is scarring in MS due to
Proliferation of astrocytes in damaged areas of the Nervous System
What are risk factors for MS
Obesity
EBV
Vit D
Smoking
Genetics
Three stages of MS
Relapsing remitting
Relapsing with persistent deficits
Progressive
What cause TACS or PACS
ACA or MCA
Risk factors of seizures
Family history
Febrile convulsions
Significant HI
Encephalistis/ meningitis
First line of tests for epilepsy
MRI or CT
Red flags for headaches
Associated focal neurological deficits- weak/numb down one side, reduced consciousness, confusion
Systemic features like feverA
Papilloedema
EEG during migraine
Slows down
What category of disorders in cerebellar loop
Coordination disorders
What is the arcuate fasciculus
white matter bundle connecting broca’s to wernicke’s
What is non-infectious meningitis
Aseptic meningitis, caused by diseases like cancer, lupus, head injury, drugs
What can diffuse inflammation in the CNS cause
delirium
How long must stroke last for it to be considered a stroke
More than 24 hrs
Greatest risk factor for stroke
Smoking
Recommended imaging for epilepsy
MRI!! Then CT
