Fundamentals

Question 1

Parallels of latitude

Answer 1

Small circles parallel to the equator, they are measured N and S of the equator up to 90° and join all the points of the same latitude

Question 2

Small Circle

Answer 2

Any circle that’s not a great circle

Question 3

Great Circle

Answer 3

A circle that divides the earth into 2 equal parts

Question 4

QNH

Answer 4

Sea level pressure (when QNH is set on altimeter it reads altitude)

Question 5

QFE

Answer 5

Pressure at a chosen datum (when QFE is set on altimeter it measures height above that datum)

Question 6

Pressure altitude (PA)

Answer 6

The altitude in the ISA with the same pressure (given when QNE/1013 is set on altimeter)

Question 7

Density altitude (DA)

Answer 7

PA corrected for temperature, it determines the a/c performance

Question 8

Indicated altitude

Answer 8

Altitude on altimeter

Question 9

True altitude

Answer 9

The actual elevation above sea level (indicated altitude corrected for ambient non-standard temperature and pressure lapse rates)

Question 10

Flight level (FL)

Answer 10

Used above 13000ft, QNE set on altimeter

Question 11

Transition altitude

Answer 11

13000ft

Question 12

Transition level

Answer 12

FL150

Question 13

Transition layer

Answer 13

Between 13000ft - FL150

Question 14

Indicated airspeed (IAS)

Answer 14

Airspeed displayed on ASI, it is the aerodynamic speed of the a/c

Question 15

Local Mean Time (LMT)

Answer 15

The actual time at a particular meridian in relation to the sun (all points along the meridian will have the same LMT)

Question 16

What is the LMT at a meridian when the sun is crossing it?

Answer 16

Midday (1200 LMT)

Question 17

What direction does the sun cross

Answer 17

East to West

Question 18

In LMT meridians east of the sun are ____

Answer 18

Past midday

Question 19

In LMT meridians west of the sun are ____

Answer 19

Before midday

Question 20

24 hours = _____ degrees of rotation

Answer 20

360

Question 21

1 hour = _____ degrees of rotation

Answer 21

15

Question 22

4 minutes = _____ degrees of rotation

Answer 22

1

Question 23

1 minute = _____ minute of rotation

Answer 23

15

Question 24

Knots (kts)

Answer 24

The standard unit for a/c speed (it is equal to 1nm/h)

Question 25

Ground speed (G/S)

Answer 25

The speed of the a/c relative to the ground (measured in knots)

Question 26

Calibrated airspeed (CAS)

Answer 26

IAS corrected for instrument and position error

Question 27

True airspeed (TAS)

Answer 27

CAS corrected for differences in pressure and temperature density, it is the actual speed through the air

Question 28

Equivalent airspeed (EAS)

Answer 28

Used when dealing with higher airspeed + altitudes. EAS should be used after CAS to calculate TAS as it allows for the compressibility of air

Question 29

Meridian of longitude

Answer 29

Imaginary lines connecting points of equal longitude measured in degrees up to 180 E and W of the prime meridian

Question 30

Prime (Greenwich) meridian

Answer 30

The meridian that sits at 0° longitude, which passes through Greenwich England (it is a semi great circle, the ante meridian is the other half of the prime meridian)

Question 31

Rhumb line

Answer 31

A line that has constant direction e.g it must cut the meridians of longitude at a constant angle in reference to true north (because it has a constant direction it is not the shortest distance between 2 points)

Question 32

What are both Great circles and Rhumb lines

Answer 32

Meridians and the equator

Question 33

How to convert between UTC and LMT

Answer 33

UTC is the LMT at the prime meridian (0° meridian), so when given the LMT at particular meridian you'll need to calculate what the LMT is at 0° which will give you UTC

Question 34

Converting between NZST and UTC

Answer 34

NZST is 12 hours ahead of UTC

Question 35

Converting between NZDT and UTC

Answer 35

NZDT is 13 hours a head of UTC

Question 36

Working out LMT at a particular location

Answer 36

- Work out the difference in longitude between locations - Convert rotation to time - add or subtract time depending on weather the location is ahead or behind

Question 37

What speed is indicated by GNSS and IRU (inertial reference system)

Answer 37

Groundspeed

Question 38

If density decreases what happens to TAS

Answer 38

ASI indicates less than TAS

Question 39

Bearing

Answer 39

The direction from one place to another is know as its bearing

Question 40

True, Magnetic and compass bearings

Answer 40

Bearing referenced from T, M and C North

Question 41

True bearing

Answer 41

The true direction of a straight line drawn between 2 places on a chart is a true bearing and can TBT or TBF

Question 42

TBT

Answer 42

True bearing to a place

Question 43

TBF

Answer 43

True bearing from a place, also referred to as a back bearing/reciprocal bearing

Question 44

Relative bearing

Answer 44

Reference to the fore/front of the a/c and is measured in ° clockwise from the nose of the a/c

Question 45

Determining chart track distances/bearings

Answer 45

Always estimate what track value should be before accepting track value, during flight planning draw required tracks on chart and using protractor track direction can be determined, track distance can be measured using nav ruler

Question 46

Chart track distances/bearings precautions

Answer 46

- Latest edition of chart - Scale of ruler and chart scale match - align scale correctly with latitude and longitude reference lines - Apply variation correctly - When determining bearing check weather it is to or from a place - If bearing is based off of DI convert to °T on map