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CPL - Air navigation > Fundamentals > Flashcards

Fundamentals Flashcards

1
Q

Parallels of latitude

A

Small circles parallel to the equator, they are measured N and S of the equator up to 90° and join all the points of the same latitude

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2
Q

Small Circle

A

Any circle that’s not a great circle

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3
Q

Great Circle

A

A circle that divides the earth into 2 equal parts

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4
Q

QNH

A

Sea level pressure (when QNH is set on altimeter it reads altitude)

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5
Q

QFE

A

Pressure at a chosen datum (when QFE is set on altimeter it measures height above that datum)

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6
Q

Pressure altitude (PA)

A

The altitude in the ISA with the same pressure (given when QNE/1013 is set on altimeter)

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7
Q

Density altitude (DA)

A

PA corrected for temperature, it determines the a/c performance

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8
Q

Indicated altitude

A

Altitude on altimeter

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9
Q

True altitude

A

The actual elevation above sea level (indicated altitude corrected for ambient non-standard temperature and pressure lapse rates)

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10
Q

Flight level (FL)

A

Used above 13000ft, QNE set on altimeter

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11
Q

Transition altitude

A

13000ft

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12
Q

Transition level

A

FL150

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13
Q

Transition layer

A

Between 13000ft - FL150

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14
Q

Indicated airspeed (IAS)

A

Airspeed displayed on ASI, it is the aerodynamic speed of the a/c

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15
Q

Local Mean Time (LMT)

A

The actual time at a particular meridian in relation to the sun (all points along the meridian will have the same LMT)

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16
Q

What is the LMT at a meridian when the sun is crossing it?

A

Midday (1200 LMT)

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17
Q

What direction does the sun cross

A

East to West

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18
Q

In LMT meridians east of the sun are ____

A

Past midday

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19
Q

In LMT meridians west of the sun are ____

A

Before midday

20
Q

24 hours = _____ degrees of rotation

A

360

21
Q

1 hour = _____ degrees of rotation

A

15

22
Q

4 minutes = _____ degrees of rotation

A

1

23
Q

1 minute = _____ minute of rotation

A

15

24
Q

Knots (kts)

A

The standard unit for a/c speed (it is equal to 1nm/h)

25
Q

Ground speed (G/S)

A

The speed of the a/c relative to the ground (measured in knots)

26
Q

Calibrated airspeed (CAS)

A

IAS corrected for instrument and position error

27
Q

True airspeed (TAS)

A

CAS corrected for differences in pressure and temperature density, it is the actual speed through the air

28
Q

Equivalent airspeed (EAS)

A

Used when dealing with higher airspeed + altitudes. EAS should be used after CAS to calculate TAS as it allows for the compressibility of air

29
Q

Meridian of longitude

A

Imaginary lines connecting points of equal longitude measured in degrees up to 180 E and W of the prime meridian

30
Q

Prime (Greenwich) meridian

A

The meridian that sits at 0° longitude, which passes through Greenwich England (it is a semi great circle, the ante meridian is the other half of the prime meridian)

31
Q

Rhumb line

A

A line that has constant direction e.g it must cut the meridians of longitude at a constant angle in reference to true north (because it has a constant direction it is not the shortest distance between 2 points)

32
Q

What are both Great circles and Rhumb lines

A

Meridians and the equator

33
Q

How to convert between UTC and LMT

A

UTC is the LMT at the prime meridian (0° meridian), so when given the LMT at particular meridian you’ll need to calculate what the LMT is at 0° which will give you UTC

34
Q

Converting between NZST and UTC

A

NZST is 12 hours ahead of UTC

35
Q

Converting between NZDT and UTC

A

NZDT is 13 hours a head of UTC

36
Q

Working out LMT at a particular location

A
  • Work out the difference in longitude between locations
  • Convert rotation to time
  • add or subtract time depending on weather the location is ahead or behind
37
Q

What speed is indicated by GNSS and IRU (inertial reference system)

A

Groundspeed

38
Q

If density decreases what happens to TAS

A

ASI indicates less than TAS

39
Q

Bearing

A

The direction from one place to another is know as its bearing

40
Q

True, Magnetic and compass bearings

A

Bearing referenced from T, M and C North

41
Q

True bearing

A

The true direction of a straight line drawn between 2 places on a chart is a true bearing and can TBT or TBF

42
Q

TBT

A

True bearing to a place

43
Q

TBF

A

True bearing from a place, also referred to as a back bearing/reciprocal bearing

44
Q

Relative bearing

A

Reference to the fore/front of the a/c and is measured in ° clockwise from the nose of the a/c

45
Q

Determining chart track distances/bearings

A

Always estimate what track value should be before accepting track value, during flight planning draw required tracks on chart and using protractor track direction can be determined, track distance can be measured using nav ruler

46
Q

Chart track distances/bearings precautions

A
  • Latest edition of chart
  • Scale of ruler and chart scale match
  • align scale correctly with latitude and longitude reference lines
  • Apply variation correctly
  • When determining bearing check weather it is to or from a place
  • If bearing is based off of DI convert to °T on map

CPL - Air navigation (8 decks)

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