Aeronautical charts

Question 1

Projection

Answer 1

Method used to represent a spherical shape on a flat surface (results in some distortion of shape and size)

Question 2

What increases distortion

Answer 2

Larger mapped areas have larger distortion

Question 3

Orthomorphic

Answer 3

Correct shape/conformity (it has been mathematically adjusted)

Question 4

If a projection is to be orthomorphic what conditions must be satisfied

Answer 4

• Shapes and features must be correctly placed
• Meridians and latitudes must intersect at right angles as they do on the earths surface
• Scale at any point must be independent of direction (for any part of the chart the scale is the same along both parallels and meridians, although it may vary over large distances it must be within certain limits and have a constant rate of change)

Question 5

Mercator orthomorphic?

Answer 5

Yes

Question 6

Mercator poles projected?

Answer 6

No

Question 7

Mercator scale constant?

Answer 7

No (increasing away from equator)

Question 8

Mercator shapes correctly represented?

Answer 8

Yes (areas arent)

Question 9

Mercator meridians of longitude

Answer 9

Parallel straight lines equidistant apart

Question 10

Mercator parallels of lattitude

Answer 10

Straight lines expanding away from the equator

Question 11

Mercator adjoining sheets

Answer 11

If if same scale they will fit together N-S and E-W

Question 12

Mercator Great circles

Answer 12

Curved convex to the nearest pole

Question 13

Mercator rhumb lines

Answer 13

Straight lines

Question 14

Lambert conformal orthomorphic

Answer 14

Yes (conformal)

Question 15

Lambert conformal poles projected

Answer 15

Yes

Question 16

Lambert conformal scale constant

Answer 16

Yes

Question 17

Lambert conformal shapes correctly represented

Answer 17

Yes (areas not quite)

Question 18

Lambert conformal meridians of longitude

Answer 18

Straight lines converging at the poles

Question 19

Lambert conformal parallels of latitude

Answer 19

Arc’s concave to the nearest pole

Question 20

Lambert conformal adjoining sheets

Answer 20

If using the same standard parallels they will fit E-W but not N-S

Question 21

Lambert conformal great circles

Answer 21

Closely resemble straight lines

Question 22

Lambert conformal rhumb lines

Answer 22

Curved lines concave to the nearest pole

Question 23

Lambert conformal conical projection process of creating

Answer 23

Cone cuts the earths surface at 2 places called the standard parallels and then it is mathematically adjusted to make it orthomorphic

Question 24

Lambert conformal advantages

Answer 24

• Can map polar regions, poles and high latitudes
• Can measure distances accurately
• Can plot great circles so it is good for radio wave maps

Question 25

Lambert conformal parallel of origin

Answer 25

it is equidistant to the standard parallels

Question 26

Lambert conformal uses

Answer 26

It is selected by the ICAO to be used for aeronautical maps for mid-high latitudes

Question 27

Mercator creation process

Answer 27

Can be imagined as a cylinder being placed around a globe with a light source at the centre of the earth projecting the parallels and meridians onto the cylinder which can then be laid flat

Question 28

Mercator uses

Answer 28

It gives correct representation of bearings, in aviation maps are only to be used for equatorial regions

Question 29

Mercator disadvantages

Answer 29

- Very large distances are difficult to measure - Cant plot great circle radio bearings - Cant be used above 70 N or S latitude because of scale expansion

Question 30

Aerodrome plates

Answer 30

AIP vol 4, contains - runway dimensions, bearing, length, surface, slope, group rating - circuit direction and height - aerodrome elevation - frequencies - operational aerodrome info - lighting - fuel and passenger facilities

Question 31

Aeronautical charts types

Answer 31

- VPCs (visual planning chart): used for planning, yellow chart, scale 1:1,000,000 - VNCs (visual navigation chart): used for in flight navigation, can either be blue with a scale of 1:500,000, green with a scale of 1:250,000 or orange with a scale of 1:125,000

Question 32

Chart scale

Answer 32

The ratio of a given distance on a map to the actual earth distance it represents

Question 33

Chart legend

Answer 33

Provides a key for airspace, geographical features and symbols

Question 34

Relief

Answer 34

It is the variation in height and slope of the earths surface above MSL, it can be found on the chart legend depicted by colour tinting, shading, spot heights and max elevation figures