Fundamentals 1 Flashcards
What is abnormal behavior?
atypical but can also be harmful. Is developmentally inappropriate.
which variables do you have to consider for judging abnormal behavior?
- age
- context
- gender
- culture
interdependent transactional view
both children and the environment play an active contribution to adaptive and maladaptive behavior
continuity of abnormal behavior
developmental changes are gradual and quantitative.
predictive of future behavior patterns
Discontinuity of abnormal behavior
developmental changes are abrupt and qualitative;
not predictive of future behavior patterns
behavior indicatiors of abnormal behavior (9)
developmental delay
developmental regression(teruglopen) or deterioration(verslechtering)
exteme high or low frequency of behavior
extreme high or low intensity of behavior
behavior difficulty persists over time
behavior inappropriate to the situation
abrupt changes in behavior
several problem behaviors
behavior qualitatively different from normal
what is the % of youth aged 4-18 who have problems
5,4 - 35,5%
% of kids with “clinic levels” of disorder symptomatology
15-20%
Early explanations of psychopathology
adult-focussed
Demonology (possession)
Somatogenesis (bodily imbalances)
strong focus on a single cause
19 centurt explanations of psychopathology
classification
childhood disorders identified
progress on conceptualization of etiology
Sigmund Freud & Psychoanalytic Theory:
people could be cured by making conscious their unconscious thoughts and motivations
behaviorism
Behavior is learned—caused by interactions with the environment
Social Learning Theory:
Learned behavior also comes from observations of one’s environment
Models:
interactional vs Transactional
Interactional: variables interrelate to produce an outcome
transactional/systems: Ongoing, reciprocal transactions of environment and person
causal factors
direct vs indirect
mediating vs moderating
Direct cause: Variable X leads straight to outcome
Indirect: Variable X influences other variables that in turn
lead to outcome
Mediating factors: Explain the relationship between variables
Moderating factors: Presence or absence of a factor influences the
relationship between variables
Processes who are mediating factors
biological processes
psychological processes
social processes
processes who are moderating factors
child characteristics
environmental contexts
types o causal factors (3)
Necessary cause - must be present for disorder to occur
Sufficient cause - can be responsible alone
Contributing cause - not always necessary nor sufficient for cause itself
Pathways to development (5) and explaned
stable adaption stable maladaption reversal of maladaption decline of adaption temporal maladaption
continuity of Developmental psychopathology (3)
Homotypic continuity: Stable expression of symptoms
Heterotypic continuity: Symptom expression change with development
Cumulative continuity: Child in an environment that perpetuates maladaptive style
Multifinality
early childhood maltreatment - different outcomes
Equifinality
different beginning - same conduct disorder
where/ when can resilience occur? (veerkracht)
- with one protective factor or may need more
- in one domain (emotional) and not another (academic)
- linked to neurobiology
Trio of protective factors:
- individual
- Family
- Extrafamilial
definition Temparament
is a person’s basic disposition or behavioral tendencies.
3 temperament types
Easy (this can be a Resilience factor)
Slow to warm (this can be a Risk factor)
Difficult (this can also be a Risk factor)
goodness of fit
How the child’s behavioral tendencies “fit” with their parents’
temperament and their social environment
Gene-environment interaction
differential sensitivity to experience due to differences in genotype
Gene-environment correlation
genetic differences in exposure to
environments
3 types of gene-environment correlation
Passive (Parents transmit both genes and environment to their children)
Reactive (Child’s gene makeup and reactions from others)
Active (Child’s gene makeup and child’s selection of experiences)
