Depression

Question 1

Why did they think that depression does not occur at childhood

Answer 1

Psychoanalytic: Needed Conditions for depression (developed Super-Ego)

(1) Loss of love object
(2) Over-developed Super-Ego
(3) Stable internalized norms (Ego)

Question 2

Major depressive disorder criteria dsm (at least 5 vd 9)

Answer 2

1. Depressed mood (or: Irritable mood: 80%)
2. Loss of interest
3. Weight loss or gain
4. Insomnia or hypersomnia
5. Psychomotor agitation or retardation
6. Loss of energy
7. Feelings of guilt or worthlessness
8. Can’t think or concentrate
9. Thoughts of death

Question 3

`% children between 4-18 with MDD

Answer 3

between 2% and 8%

Question 4

negative affectivity vd possitive affectivity

Answer 4

Negative affectivity (NA) – includes tendency to experience negative emotions, to be sensitive to negative stimuli, and to be wary, vigilant
Positive affectivity (PA) – includes approach, energy, sociability, sensitivity to reward cues

Question 5

Biological influences:

Answer 5

• too many negative affectivity
• less positive affectivity
• Behaviral inhibition system

Question 6

Behavioral inhibition system

Answer 6

predicts an individual’s response to anxiety-relevant cues in a given environment.

Question 7

social-psychological influences

Answer 7

Behavioral theories

• Learned Helplessness:(=not only helpless, but also responsible)
• Cognitive theories : Negative cognitive triad
• Social relationships
• Parental depression as a socialpsychological risk factor

Question 8

3 kinds of negative attributions

Answer 8

Internal (not External)
Stable (not Temporary)
Global (not Specific)

Question 9

cognitive theory behind helplessness

Answer 9

learned helplessness first “teaches” a person a negative attributional style and then leads to hopelessness.
moderates between negative life events and hopelessness

Question 10

Cognitive theorie of negative attributional style:

Answer 10

is expressed as the negative cognitive triad.
Biased and negative attributions are used as interpretive filters for understanding events
This negative attributional style focuses on one’s self, world & one’s future

Question 11

Automatic Thoughts (or: AT’s)

Answer 11

Arbitrary inferences: Thoughts of Worthlessness (“I’m no good.”)
Selective abstraction: Thoughts of Helplessness (“There’s nothing I can do.”)
Overgeneralization: Thoughts of Hopelessness (“It will always be this way.”)

Question 12

Negative social relationships as developmental risk factors:

Answer 12

lack of support
negative social interactions
rejection by peers
poor family interactions

Question 13

Parental depression as risk factor:

Answer 13

increased risk for depression for the child
increased ris for other disorders
less likely to be treated
cause the parent to withdraw, offer poor supervision, irritable, engage in conflict
influence attachment (more insecure for postnatal maternal depression)

Question 14

Observation of behaviors - depression:

Answer 14

Emotions: Smiling, crying, fear
Affect Regulation: Facial expressions
Nonverbal behaviors: Eye contact; Hand-, arm - and leg movements
Speech: Speed, Content, tone of voice
Interactions: Helpful, demanding, threatening

Question 15

cognitive treatment

Answer 15

Identification of negative thoughts & appraisals
Thought confrontation
With younger child: use of play as a concrete representation

Question 16

Family treatment

Answer 16

the relationship between the parent and the child

Question 17

behavioral treatment

Answer 17

Self monitoring of pleasurable activities
Role playing
Self-reinforcement techniques