Fundamental Properties of Water Flashcards by Emma Schmidt

define physical property

any characteristic of a system or material

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define physical quantity

a physical property that can be measured

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What are the 7 base quantities

length - meter
Time - second
Mass - kilogram
Amount of matter - Mole
Electric current-ampere - A
Temperature - Kelvin
Luminous candela - cd

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define derived quantities

physical quantities derived from the 7 base quantities

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What are the 4 fundamental laws of classical physics

Newtons Laws of Motion
Laws of Thermodynamics
Conservation of mass
Fick’s first law of diffusion

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describe the conservation of mass

mass can neither be destroyed nor created

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What are newtons laws of motion

The momentum of a body remains constant unless a net force acts upon the body
the rate of change of momentum of a body is proportional to the net force acting on the body, and is in the same direction as the net force. ( F= ma)
for every net force acting on a body, there is a corresponding force of the same magnitude exerted by the body in the opposite direction (Fa = - Fb)

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What are the 4 laws of thermodynamics

0th: when 2 bodies of different temps are in contact, they will heat transfer till they are the same temp
1st: Energy is neither created nor destroyed (conservation of energy)
2nd: No process is possible in which the sole result is the absorption of heat and its complete conversion into work
3rd: as T goes to absolute 0, the entropy approaches 0

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What is Fick’s first law of diffusion

A diffusing substance moves at a rate that is proportional to the spatial gradient of concentration J = -DVC
VC = gradient of concentration
J = mass flux
D = diffusivity
C = kg/m^3

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any physical quantity can be characterized by ___________

dimensions

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what are the 4 or 5 fundamental physical dimensions

Force F and Mass M
length L
Time T
Temperature Θ

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What kind of procedures cause a quantity to be dimensionless

logarithmic, exponential, trigonometric

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What are the 3 sets of units

SI system
english/british system
field or hybrid units

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define dimensionally homogeneous

an equation that correctly and completely describes a physical relation has the same dimensions on both sides

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Most the unusual properties of water are due to its being made up of polar molecules that ….

form hydrogen bonds between adjacent water molecules

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is water a stable molecule

yes

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The amount of __________ holding the molecules together depends on the
temperature and pressure present. Depending on its ________ content, water may
appear in solid, liquid, or gaseous form.

energy

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The amount of energy holding the molecules together depends on the
_________ and __________ present. Depending on its energy content, water may
appear in ______, ________, or _________ form.

temperature, pressure

solid, liquid, or gaseous

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describe latent heat

the amount of energy required to change water from one phase to another. Can be in the form of heat or pressure

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describe specific heat

the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by 1°C/K per unit mass

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describe how evaporation occurs

When the temp of a liquid is increased, the mcl energy is raised, causing molecules to leave. This increases the vapor pressure. When the temp reaches a point where the vapor pressure is equal to the ambient atm pressure, evaporation increases significantly and the water begins boiling.

Note: temp impacts vapor pressure, allowing boil to occur

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The ___________ at which a liquid boils is known as the liquid boiling point. For water at sea levell the boiling point is _____

temperature
100°C

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What is the freezing and boiling temp in kelvin for water

Pure water freezes at Tm=273.16 K and its boiling/evaporation temperature is
Tb=373.16 K at the atmospheric pressure

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What are the 3 main impacts adding salt to water has

Lowers its freezing temperature
increases the boiling temp
decreases its specific heat

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units for mass density

ρw the mass per unit volume of water

units for weight density/specific weight

γw= ρw·g weight per unit volume

units for specific gravity

(SG)L= (ρL/ρw) the ratio of the specific weight or mass density of any liquid at a given temperature to that of water at 4°C

pressure effect on water density is negligible as water is _____________

incompressible

water reaches a maximum density at ______. It becomes ______ dense when further chilled or heated.

3.98°C. less

liquid water at the freezing point is approximately ____ denser than ice

10%

liquid water density increases to its maximum of______________ as temperature increases from 0°C to_______.

1g/cm^3 or 1000km/m^3 3.98°C

Water density starts to decrease with further increasing temperature when temperature is higher than ______

3.98°C

The density of seawater is about _____ _____ than that of freshwater. Thus when freshwater meets seawater without sufficient mixing, the freshwater will be ______ the seawater.

4% more above

Describe surface tension for water

molecules in the surface of liquid water are subjected to a net inward force due to hydrogen bonding with the molecules below the surface. equivalent to force over distance work required to overcome that inward pull and increase one unit of new surface area

What is an application of surface tension

surface tension significantly influences fluid motion in porous mediums

Water has a surface tension ______ than most other liquid due to its ______ intermolecular forces

higher strong

The water surface tension _________ as temperature increase

decrease

describe the bond number

The ratio of the gravitational force to the surface-tension force in water flows

equation for the bond number

Bo = 𝛾𝑤𝐿^2 / σ σ is surface tension L is length of the flow 𝛾𝑤 is water weight density

What do we call it when Bo < 1

surface tension force dominated flows

Define viscosity

The viscosity due to the internal intermolecular friction is a measure of the resistance to flow exerted by a fluid.

equation for a newtonian fluid

T = uE where T is stress caused by shear rate E = du/dy velocity gradient along its normal direction

list all the units for viscosity

T = N/m^2 E = m/s u = N/m^2 s or Pa s

describe unit in poise

the absolute viscosity of water at room temperature (20.2°C) is equal to 1 centipoise (cP) 1 Poise=100 cP=100 mPa∙s

kinematic viscosity is measured in

centistokes

Describe the no slip boundary condition

The flow velocity at a stationary boundary is always zero, so that any flow near a boundary experiences a velocity gradient perpendicular to the boundary. viscous resistance dominates gradient and rate of flow

what is the reason for waters low viscosity

the rapidity with which the intermolecular hydrogen bonds break and reform, once every 10^-12 s

describe turbulence

as flow and velocity increase, inertial effects soon dominate the effects of viscosity, so that formerly straight flow paths become chaotic due to eddies. Produces a resistance to flow that depends on the flow scale and velocity

__________ dominates in small and low flow rate; whereas __________ dominates large scale or faster flow

viscosity turbulence

what does Reynolds number describe

The ratio of turbulent force relative to viscous force in water flows

Equation of Reynolds number

ReL =ρwUL / u U is average velocity u is dynamic viscosity

When do we have stokes flow

When Re < 1, which means viscous resistance dominates

a flow is considered laminar if ReD is

less than 2,300

a flow is considered transitional if ReD is

2,300 < ReD < 3,500

a flow is considered as turbulent if ReD is

larger than 3,500

Latent heat is

the energy that is released or absorbed when a given mass of substance undergoes a phase change

Does melting and vaporization absorb or release heat

absorb

does freezing and condensation absorb or release heat

release

units for latent heat

energy per mass

what is the latent heat of fusion

the quantity of heat energy that is added/released when a unit mass of substance melts or freezes

what is the latent heat of vaporization

quantity of heat energy that is added or released when a unit mass of substance vaporizes or condenses

vaporization of water involves the complete breakage of ________ ______, and water has one of the largest ______ ____ of vaporizations of any substance

hydrogen bonds latent heat

how many more times is Lv larger than Lf

6 times

The heat capacity of water at 10C is ___________ and _________ slowly as temperature increases

4.191 kJ/kg/K decreases

why is the specific heat of water so high

The temperature of a substance reflects the vibratory energy of its molecules. The heat capacity of water is high relative to those of most other substances because much of the energy is used to break hydrogen bonds rather than to increase the rate of molecular vibrations.

Why does water have a high solvent power

unique polar structure of water molecules and the existence of hydrogen bonds, almost every substance is soluble in water

Ionic salts, such as sodium chloride (NaCl), readily form _____ that are maintained in solution because the _________ and _________ ends of the water molecules attach to the oppositely charged ions.

ions positive negative

List the 4 applications all this knowledge has in the real world

The first steps in the process of river erosion involve the dissolution and aqueous alteration of minerals from land to oceans. * Virtually all life processes take place in water and depend on the delivery of nutrients and the removal of wastes in solution. * In plants, CO2 necessary for photosynthesis enters in dissolved form. * In animals, the transport and exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide essential for metabolism take place in aqueous solutions or bloods.