Fundamental Planning Knowledge Flashcards
What year was the first National Planning Conference on City Planning and Congestion Relief in Washington, D.C.?
1909
What year was the first city planning course taught in Harvard’s Landscape Architecture Department?
1909
When was the first formal instruction/book published on city planning (below college level), who wrote it, and what was it called?
Walter Moody’s “Wacker’s Manual of the Plan of Chicago” (1912)
What was the first major textbook in city planning, who wrote it, and what was it called?
Flavel Shurtleff’s “Carrying Out the City Plan” (1914)
When was ACIP founded, and what does it stand for?
The American City Planning Institute was founded in 1917
Who was the first president of ACIP?
Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr.
What was ACIP renamed, and when?
American Institute of Planners (AIP) in 1939. AIP was a forerunner to the AICP.
When was the first issue of City Planning (forerunner to the Journal of the American Planning Association - JAPA) published, which organization published it, and what was it called?
The first issue of “City Planning” was published by ACIP in 1925
What year was ASPO founded, and what does it stand for?
The American Society of Planning Officials was founded in 1934
When did AIP adopt a Code of Ethics for professional planners?
1971
When was the first AIP membership exam administered?
1977
When was AICP created, and what two organizations merged to create it?
AICP was created in 1978 as a merger between AIP and ASPO
When was the first issue of “The Journal of Planning Education and Research,” and who published it?
The Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning published the first issue in 1981
When and where were the first land use zoning restrictions on noxious uses passed?
San Francisco, 1867
When, where and who created the first local civic center plan (in the US)?
Daniel Burnham, John Carrere, and Arnold Brunner created the first local civic center plan in Cleveland in 1903
When and what was the first major US city to apply City Beautiful principles?
San Francisco, 1906 (Daniel Burnham’s plan)
When and where was the first town planning board created?
1907 in Hartford, Connecticut
Who, when, and where was the first metropolitan regional plan created? What did it focus on and what did it miss?
Chicago, 1909, Daniel Burnham. It focused on incorporating the ideas of City Beautiful (waterfront development, parks, civic center spaces). It was criticized for failing to address issues like housing, poverty, transportation efficiency. It failed to foresee the impact of the automobile.
When and what state was the first to pass land use zoning enabling legislation?
Wisconsin, 1909
Which city was the first to use land use zoning to guide development?
Los Angeles, 1909
Who, when, and in which city was the first full-time employee hired for a city planning commission?
Harland Bartholomew was hired by Newark, NJ in 1914
When and where was the first comprehensive zoning code adopted? Who wrote it?
New York City, 1916, written by Edward Bassett
When and where was the first regional planning commission formed?
Los Angeles, 1922
Who issued the Standard State Zoning Enabling Act, and when?
Secretary Herbert Hoover of the US Department of Commerce, 1924
When and in which major US city was the first comprehensive plan adopted? Who developed the plan? What did it focus on?
The City of Cincinnati, 1925, Alfred Bettman and Ladislas Segoe. It focused on infrastructure projects and called for planning to be controlled by a citizen city planning commission.
Who issued the Standard City Planning Enabling Act, and when?
Secretary Herbert Hoover of the US Department of Commerce, 1928
When was the first US National Planning Board created? What was it renamed and when was it abolished?
Created in 1933; later renamed the National Resources Planning Board; abolished in 1943.
When was the first federally supported public housing constructed and where (two major US cities; construction and first to be occupied)?
Cleveland (construction) and Atlanta (occupation)
When and which state was the first to introduce statewide zoning? When was it amended?
Hawaii, 1961; amended in 1978
When was the “How the Other Half Lives” published, who wrote it, and what was its significance?
Jacob Riis wrote “How the Other Half Lives” in 1890, a book of shocking photos of unhealthy and crowded housing conditions in tenement buildings in New York City’s tenements. It resulted in housing reform - dumbbell shaped buildings that allow for light and air.
When was “Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform” published, who wrote it, and what was its significance?
Ebenezer Howard wrote “Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform” in 1898. It was later reissued in 1902 as “Garden Cities of Tomorrow.” It initiated the Garden City movement, a social and economic reform movement Howard headed that looked to create self-contained cities with shared land ownership.
When was “Cities in Evolution” published, who wrote it, and what was its significance?
Patrick Geddes wrote “Cities in Evolution” in 1915. It focuses on regional planning - Geddes is known as the “father of regional planning.”
When was “Local Planning Administration” published, who wrote it, and what was its significance?
Ladislas Segoe wrote “Local Planning Administration” in 1941. It was the first in the Green Book series produced by the International City/County Management Association.
When was “Image of the City” published, who wrote it, and what was its significance?
Kevin Lynch wrote “Image of the City” in 1960. It defines basic concepts of city form, such as edges and nodes.
When was “Death and Life of Great American Cities” published, who wrote it, and what was its significance?
Jane Jacobs wrote “Death and Life of Great American Cities” in 1961. It provided a critical look at planners and planning with a focus on the mistakes of urban renewal.
When was “Silent Spring” published, who wrote it, and what was its significance?
Rachel Carson wrote “Silent Spring” in 1962. It focuses on the negative effects of pesticides on the environment and was a catalyst for the environmental movement.
When was “With Heritage So Rich” published, who wrote it, and what was its significance?
Alfred Reins wrote “With Heritage So Rich” in 1966. “This is a seminal book on historic preservation.”
When was “Design with Nature” published, who wrote it, and what was its significance?
Ian McHarg wrote “Design with Nature” in 1969. It focuses on conservation design using an overlay technique that was late the basis of GIS.
When was “The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces” published, who wrote it, and what was its significance?
William Whyte wrote “The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces” in 1980. This book promoted the use of environmental psychology and sociology in urban design.
Who was Charles Abrams and how did he contribute to planning?
Charles Abrams created the New York Housing Authority. In 1965 he published “The City is the Frontier,” a book that criticized US federal policies surrounding slum clearance, urban renewal, and public housing.
Who was Thomas Adams and how did he contribute to planning?
Thomas Adams was an important planner during the Garden City movement. He became the first manager of Letchworth, UK. He developed a number of garden suburbs in England and later taught at MIT and Harvard.
Who was Saul Alinsky and how did he contribute to planning?
Saul Alinsky was an advocate of community organizing and organized Chicago’s poor in the late 1930s and 1940s. He encouraged the poor to become involved in American democracy in “Reveille for Radicals” (1946). Later he published “Rules for Radicals,” which lays out 13 rules for community organizing.
Who was Sherry Arnstein and how did she contribute to planning?
Sherry Arnstein wrote “A Ladder of Citizen Participation,” an article that was published in JAPA in 1969 describing the levels of involvement by citizens depending on the form of participation utilized.
Who was Daniel Burnham and how did he contribute to planning?
Daniel Burnham was a Chicago architect and prominent proponent of the City Beautiful movement. He was the leading force behind the 1893 Columbian Exposition and later the 1909 Plan of Chicago.
Who was Robert Moses and how did he contribute to planning?
Robert Moses transformed New York City’s public works between the 1930s and 1950s. He expanded the state’s park system and built numerous parkways.
He is known as a polarizing figure in urban development; he favored highways over public transit, helping to create the modern suburbs of Long Island. While never an elected official, he created and led numerous public authorities. He was also the NYC Parks Commissioner in the 1930s.
Who was John Nolen and how did he contribute to planning?
John Nolen was a leading planning and landscape architect who designed Mariemont, Ohio. He also created the first comprehensive plan in Florida, worked on the park system in Madison, WI, and designed Venice, FL.
Who was Frederick Law Olmsted, Sr. and how did he contribute to planning?
Considered the father of landscape architecture. Responsible for many of the nation’s most important parks, such as Central Park, Prospect Park, Niagara Reservation, and university campus landscapes. He was part of the design team for Riverside, IL, laid out in 1868.
Who was Clarence Perry and how did he contribute to planning?
Perry developed the neighborhood unit concept which was implemented in Radburn, NJ. Key contributor to the 1929 Regional Survey of New York and its Environs.
Who was Paolo Soleri and how did he contribute to planning?
An architect responsible for designing Arcosanti, an experimental utopian city in Arizona focused on minimizing the impact of development on the natural environment.
Who was Clarence Stein and how did he contribute to planning?
He designed Sunnyside Gardens in Queens, NY; Radburn, NJ; and many other garden suburbs in the US. He was a major proponent of the garden city movement. He wrote “New Town for America” in 1951.
Who was Rexford Tugwell and how did he contribute to planning?
Tugwell served as the head of the Resettlement Administration during the New Deal. He worked on the greenbelt cities program, which sought construction of new, self-sufficient cities. He was closely involved in the development of Arthurdale, WV, a Resettlement Administration community. He later served o the NYC Planning Commission and as the governor of Puerto Rico.
Who was Sir Raymond Unwin and how did he contribute to planning?
Unwin was a town planner and designer of Letchworth. He wrote “Town Planning in Practice” (1909).
Who was Catherine Bauer Wurster and how did she contribute to planning?
Wurster was a founder of American housing policy. She was a housing policy reform advocate and served as executive secretary of the Regional Planning Association of America (RPAA). She wrote “Modern Housing” and was influential in the passage of the Housing Act of 1937.
When did the City Beautiful movement take place? What was its impetus, what were its solutions, who were its leaders, and what are some key examples of the movement?
The City Beautiful movement occurred during the late 1800s and early 1900s. It began in response to blight in inner cities. Proponents believed that creating a beautiful city that was expressive of moral and civic virtues would inspire residents to lead virtuous lives. It resulted in the creation of Beaux-Arts style civic centers.
Daniel Burnham was the most famous proponent of City Beautiful. The first model civic center was the White City, which Burnham created for the World’s Columbian Exposition in 1893. Another example of City Beautiful was the McMillan Plan (1901) for DC, which sought to resurrect L’Enfant’s 1791 Plan for Washington.
When did the Garden City movement take place? What was its impetus, what were its solutions, who were its leaders, and what are some key examples of the movement?
In 1898, Ebenezer Howard wrote “Tomorrow: A Peaceful path to Real Reform.” The next year, he formed the Garden-City Association in England.
Garden cities are self-contained with a population of 32,000 and a land area of 6,000 acres. It would house 30,000 people on 1,000 acres. The remaining land and population would be used for farming areas. Garden cities were intended to bring about economic and social reform. Land ownership would be help by a corporation.
Three garden cities were built: 1) Letchworth, UK in 1903, financed by Howard through the Garden-City Association; 2) Sunnyside Gardens, NY in 1922; 3) Radburn, NJ in 1928.
Garden Cities caught on in the US and were promoted by the RPAA (Mumford, Benton MacKaye) and Letchworth inspired the New Town Movement (US).
Most of the Garden Cities that were developed failed to attain Howard’s ideal. Most lacked industry and true city centers and, in the end, most became residential suburbs.
When did the City Efficient (aka City Functional, City Scientific) movement take place? What was its impetus?
The City Efficient movement was a reaction to the City Beautiful movement and shifted focus from beauty to function and efficiency. City Beautiful was openly denounced in 1909 at the first planning conference.
