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Anatomy and Physiology of Speech Mechanism > Fundamental Frequency > Flashcards

Fundamental Frequency Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three main variables of fundamental frequency?

A

Mass: heavier means slower vibration

Length: longer means faster vibration

Stiffness: stiffer means faster vibration

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2
Q

What are the primary mechanisms of changing fundamental frequency?

A

cricothyroid contraction

thyroarytenoid contraction

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3
Q

How does cricothyroid contraction change fundamental frequency?

A

INCREASE F0: increases stiffness, maintains length, decreases thickness

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4
Q

How does thyroarytenoid contraction change fundamental frequency?

A

INCREASE F0: increase stiffness, neutral length, neutral thickness

DECREASE F0: neutral-decreased stiffness, increase length, increase thickness

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5
Q

What are the secondary mechanisms for adjusting fundamental frequency?

A

laryngeal elevation (thyrohyoid)

laryngeal depression (sternohyoid + sternothyroid)

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6
Q

Yo what accounts for normative fundamental frequency differences between sex groups?

A

the size of the vocal folds

(male = thicker, longer)

(female = less thicker, less longer)

(nietos = thiiin, sort of short)

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7
Q

What is our working definition of vocal intensity?

A

the amount of pressure exerted by a sound wave (different from ‘air pressure’)

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8
Q

What is the measurement of vocal intensity called? And what units is it measured in?

A

the sound pressure level

measured in decibels (dB)

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9
Q

Present an argument why increasing subglottal pressure (Ps) will increase vocal intensity?

A
  1. Greater Ps will push apart the vocal folds with greater force
  2. The vocal folds will face greater lateral excursion
  3. Greater distortion means greater recoil force
  4. The vocal folds will ‘snap-back’ much more harder, with much more energy
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10
Q

Give me an argument for why increasing the stiffness of vocal folds will tend to increase vocal intensity?

A
  1. increasing vocal fold stiffness will increase vocal fold resistance
  2. increasing resistance will force Ps to increase (should we want vocal production)
  3. increasing Ps will always increase vocal intensity
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11
Q

Why will over-abducting or over-adducting the vocal folds result in a decreased vocal intensity?

A
  1. over-adduction or over-abduction results in irregular vibratory pattern
  2. This should result in decreased power
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12
Q

How would you increase vocal intensity through changes at an above-glottis level?

A

elevate velum

open mouth

lower tongue

(in a nutshell, open up the vocal tract)

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13
Q

What is our working definition of a vocal register?

A

a perceptually distinct range of frequencies and intensities

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14
Q

What are the three registers in normal speaking voice?

A
  1. Loft (falsetto)
  2. Modal (chest)
  3. Pulse (glottal fry)
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15
Q

What are the three main characteristics for modal register?

A
  1. full length of vocal folds used in vibration (full lateral excursion)
  2. vertical phase vibration
  3. 1:1 ratio of open-time:close-time
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16
Q

What are the property differences within the loft register?

A

Stiffness: VERY STIFF
Ps: Moderately higher
Length: super longer
Airflow: moderately higher
Thickness: much thinner

+breathy quality
+ quieter quality

17
Q

What are the property differences within the modal register?

A

Stiffness: moderate
Ps: moderate
Length: moderate
Airflow: moderate
Thickness: moderate

18
Q

What are the two main characteristics of the loft register?

A
  1. cricothyroid contraction means increased stiffness –> minimal lateral excursion
  2. poor vertical phase difference
19
Q

Main distinguishing feature of the pulse reigster?

A
  1. longer close time to open time ratio
20
Q

What are the property characteristics within the pulse register?

A

Stiffness: slack
Ps: moderate-to-low
Length: short
Airflow: moderate-to-low
Thickness: thicc

21
Q

What are the three ingredients to a happy, healthy vocal quality?

A

laryngeal anatomy
shape of vocal tract
learned components

22
Q

Physical quality that allows whispering?

A

vocal folds take on a Y-shaped opening –> allows turbulent airflow

23
Q

Physical quality that gives rise to pressed phonation (strained voice)?

A

overadduction of the vocal folds

24
Q

physical quality that gives rise to a breathy voice?

A

an incomplete closure along the folds

25
Q

physical quality that gives rise to a glottal stop?

A

held-adduction of vocal chords with sudden ‘release!’

(uhhhh- oh!)

26
Q

physical quality that gives rise to a glottal fricative?

A

a partial adduction of the vocal chords (turbulent airflow moves free)

27
Q

Our definition of a voice onset time (VOT)?

A

“the time between terminating the stop and initiating the voicing for the next vowel”

28
Q

What’s the definition of a suprasegmental feature?

A

a linguistic feature (carrying meaning) that occurs over whole groups of phonemes

29
Q

What is intonational contour?

A

the change in fundamental frequency over continuous utterances

30
Q

How can we create linguistic stress?

A

increase pitch
increase intensity
increase duration

31
Q

development timeline of our vocal folds from newborn to adulthood?

A

10-20: our larynx descends to upper edge of C7

16 (or around puberty): our lamina propria becomes fully differentiated

20/young adulthood: we have a higher membranous-to-cartilaginous glottis ratio

32
Q

What are the main distinguishing features in child VOICE PRODUCTION?

A
  1. higher Ps used
  2. vocal folds closed a lot quicker
  3. and vocal folds closed a lot longer (to up the Ps)
33
Q

How does puberty affect vocal differences in males vs females?

A

Males: testosterone causes membranous glottis (thyroarytenoid) growth –> F0 decreases by a bunch

Females: less testosterone surge, but still good portion of thyroarytenoid growth –> F0 decrease by a bit

34
Q

How does aging affect vocal differences in males vs females?

A

Males: muscle atrophy, LP thinning –> increased F0

Females: edema (from less estrogen) –> decreased F0

Anatomy and Physiology of Speech Mechanism (6 decks)

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