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GI physiology > Functions of alimentary tract > Flashcards

Functions of alimentary tract Flashcards

1
Q

What are digestive functions of stomach?

A

accommodation + storage
mechanical + enzymatic breakdown
slow delivery of chyme to duodenum

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2
Q

What are 9 functions/mechanisms of alimentary tract?

A
  1. storage 2. paracrine secretions 3. exocrine secretions 4. endocrine secretions 5. absorption 6. Motility/transport 7. excretion/ transport 8. Defence 9. Metabolism
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3
Q

What are 2 structures involved in storage?

A

Stomach

Colon/rectum

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4
Q

What is chyme?

A

a thick semifluid mass of partially digested food and digestive secretions that is formed in the stomach and intestine during digestion

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5
Q

How many litres of gastric juice does stomach store per 24hrs?

A

stomach stores 2-3 litres of gastric juice/24 hr

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6
Q

What does gastric juice consist of?

A

mucus, pepsinogen, intrinsic factor, lipase

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7
Q

What is function of gastric juice?

A

it helps in digestion + absorption of food

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8
Q

What cells secrete mucus?

A

goblet cells + mucus neck cells

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9
Q

What is role of mucus in stomach?

A

acts as lubricant by acting as barrier that protects stomach + colon especially from gastric acid (prevent trauma)

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10
Q

What is role of lipase in stomach?

A

it converts TGs into FA + glycerol

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11
Q

What cells secrete pepsin?

A

chief cells secrete pepsin

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12
Q

What cells secrete pepsinogen?

A

peptic cells

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13
Q

What factor allows pepsinogen to be converted/activated to pepsin?

A

the action of HCl

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14
Q

What cells secrete HCl?

A

parietal cells

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15
Q

What is function of HCl in stomach?

A

important in defence

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16
Q

What cells secrete intrinsic factor?

A

parietal cells

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17
Q

What is function of intrinsic factor in stomach?

A

important for Vit B12 absorption

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18
Q

What are paracrine secretions?

A

often called local hormones -> secreted from cells in mucosa but unlike hormones, chemicals acts locally on adjacent cells via interstitial fluid

19
Q

Give example of paracrine secretions? What does it do?

A

Somatostatin inhibits gastrin release in stomach somatostatin is inhibitory + acts in paracrine fashion to block G cells

20
Q

What is one of key mediators in acid secretion?

A

Gastrin

21
Q

Too much acid secretion leads to …… to kick in

A

Somatostatin

22
Q

What type of cells release somatostatin?

A

D cells

23
Q

What type of cells release gastrin?

A

G cells

24
Q

Give examples of exocrine glands?

A

salivary glands, gastric glands, pancreas and liver

25
Q

What does salivary gland secrete?

A

mucus (lubrication fro mastication + speech), lipase

26
Q

What does gastric glands secrete?

A

HCl, pepsin, mucus

27
Q

What does pancreas secrete?

A

bicarbonate ions (-> secretion is under influence of secretin), enzymes (e.g. amylase, lipase, carboxypeptidase)

28
Q

What does liver secrete? what is importance of these secretions?

A

bile salts, bile acids

important in emulsification of fat

29
Q

What are endocrine secretions?

A

secretions called ‘hormones’ synthesised by ductless glands enter bloodstream, travel to target tissue where they bind to specific receptors to elicit their effects

30
Q

Give examples of endocrine secretions?

A

Gastrin, Secretin, CCK, insulin

31
Q

Where is gastrin released from ?

A

in stomach (G cells in antrum)

32
Q

Where is secretin released from?

A

duodenal mucosa

33
Q

Where is CCK released from?

A

duodenal mucosa

34
Q

Where is insulin released from?

A

pancreas (B cells)

35
Q

What are 2 structures involved in absorption?

A

small intestine + colon

36
Q

What is meaning of gut motility?

A

term given to the stretching and contractions of the muscles in GI tract.

37
Q

Movement of muscular wall (motility) allows:

A

movement from 1 region to another (law of gut); mass evacuation
mechanical degradation e.g. gastric antrum
mixing lumen contents ( can be both peristalsis + segmentation) e.g. in small intestine)
transport of nutrients, water, urea + electrolytes
digestion + absorption

38
Q

How are drugs and some products of normal metabolism leave the body (excretion)?

A

saliva, bile, salts, vomit

39
Q

How does indigestible food residues e.g. tomato skin leave body?

A

leave body in faeces

40
Q

What is gut epithelium?

A

gut epithelium is interface between contaminated outside world. it is exposed to external environment so it is unsterile

41
Q

the intestine is…..

A

largest mucosal surface in body

42
Q

What are some defence mechanisms that help to protect the gut?

A 
sight, smell + taste 
vomit reflex 
acid in stomach (HCl)
Mucus secretion 
natural bacteria flora 
aggregation of lymphoid tissues (e.g. peyers patches) able to respond to food borne antigens
43
Q

What is major metabolic organ in abdominal cavity?What is it involved in?

A

Liver

involved in carbohydrate, nitrogen + lipoprotein metabolism as well as production of bile, excretion of bilirubin

GI physiology (9 decks)

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