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Biomedicine basics > Functions and structures > Flashcards

Functions and structures Flashcards

1
Q

Name 4 functions of the respiratory system…

A
  1. Gas exchange: Oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2)
  2. Warming or cooling and moistening of air
  3. Removal of inhaled particles (immunity)
  4. Voice production and olfaction (smell)
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2
Q

Air flows through the following structures … list 8

A

1) Nose
2) Paranasal sinuses
3) Pharynx (throat)
4) Larynx (voice box)
5) Trachea (windpipe)
6) Bronchi (left and right)
7) Bronchioles
8) Alveoli (air sacs)

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3
Q

Where does external respiration take place?

A

External respiration is the exchange of gases between blood and lungs (air).

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4
Q

Where does internal respiration occur?

A

Internal respiration is the exchange of gases between blood and cells.

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5
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

Metabolic process whereby energy (ATP) is obtained by metabolising carbohydrates, fats and proteins.

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6
Q

Fill in the missing words..
The mucous membrane of the respiratory tract is lined with a 1._ _ _ that contains mucous secreting 2._ cells. Mucus traps inhaled particles and acts as a 3.. It also has 4. Properties. Cilia move the particles towards the 5._ where they can be coughed up and/or swallowed. This protects the lungs from inhaled 6._.

A
  1. Ciliated epithelial Membrane
  2. Goblet (cells)
  3. Surfactant
  4. Antimicrobial
  5. Oesophagus
  6. Pathogens
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7
Q

Name 5 functions of the nasal cavity…

A
  1. Filtering air
  2. Warming air
  3. Humidification
  4. Sneezing reflex
  5. Olfactory function
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8
Q

Name two ways the nasal cavity filters air and give detail…

A
  1. Hairs, cilia and mucus trap large and small particles. Cilia also beat toward the mouth.
  2. Nasal concha (turbinates) spin air within the nasal cavity, this filters the air and encourages particles to become trapped in the mucus.
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9
Q

What are paranasal sinuses?

A

Air-filled cavities within certain facial and cranial bones.

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10
Q

Name 4 paranasal sinuses

A
  1. Frontal
  2. Ethmoid
  3. Spenoid
  4. Maxillary
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11
Q

List 4 functions of the paranasal sinuses…

A
  1. Resonance of speech
  2. Lightening of cranial mass
  3. Nasolacrimal ducts drain tears from the eyes
  4. Moistening / humidifying of the air
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12
Q

What is the pharynx and what does it connect?

A

The pharynx is a straight muscular tube that connects the nose and the throat.

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13
Q

How long is the pharynx and where in the body does it sit? (using the correct terminology)

A

Roughly 13cm long and sits anterior to the cervical spine, terminating at the larynx.

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14
Q

The pharynx consists of 3 parts, name them.

A
  1. Nasopharynx
  2. Oropharynx
  3. Laryngopharynx
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15
Q

What is the name of the tubes which connect the nasopharynx to the middle ear and what does it allow?

A

The eustachian tubes connect the nasopharynx to the middle ear allowing equalisation of pressure.

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16
Q

What is another name for the adenoids?

A

nasopharyngeal tonsils

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17
Q

Name 7 functions of the Pharynx…

A
  1. Passageway for air and food
  2. Warming and humidifying
  3. Taste
  4. Hearing
  5. Equalisation of pressure in the middle ear
  6. Immune protection: tonsils
  7. Speech: resonating chamber
18
Q

The larynx is also known as…

A

the voice box

19
Q

The larynx connect the laryngopharynx with the trachea and consist of…

A

nine pieces of cartilage and the vocal cords.

20
Q

Laryngeal muscles attached to the vocal chords and contracted stretch them.
Relaxed muscles = ___ = ___
Contracted muscles = ___ = ___

A

Relaxed muscles = loose cords = low tones

Contracted muscles = tight cords = high tone

21
Q

Name 4 functions of the larynx…

A
  1. Production of sound and speech (vocal cords, tongue, lips and cheeks)
  2. Protection - the epiglottis closes of the trachea during swallowing and hence prevents food entering the lungs
  3. Air passageway
  4. Warming and humidifying
22
Q

Fill in the missing words:

The trachea, also known as the 1.___ is roughly 2.__ long and is made from incomplete 3. ____ rings of 4.___ cartilage.

A
  1. Windpipe
  2. 12cm
  3. C-shaped
  4. Hyaline
23
Q

What does sympathetic and parasympathetic response mean?

A

Sympathetic response = fight or flight > tracheal dilation

Parasympathetic response = rest and digest > tracheal constriction

24
Q

Name 4 tracheal functions.

A
  1. Air flow: rings keep trachea open and unobstructed
  2. Mucociliary escalator: trapping inhaled particles and removing them from the respiratory tract
  3. Cough reflex
  4. Warming, humidifying, filtering.
25
Q

Coughing reflex : name the receptors in the respiratory tract and the nerve in which the impulse is sent to the brain.

A

Epithelial receptors

Vagus nerve

26
Q

Where is the respiratory centre in the brain?

A

The brain stem

27
Q

The trachea divides into left and right bronchi at which level of the vertebral spine?

A

T5

28
Q

What are bronchi lined with?

A

Ciliated epithelium

29
Q

Why might aspirated objects be more likely to enter the right lung?

A

The right bronchus is more vertical, shorter and wider than the left.

30
Q

Where the trachea divides into the two bronchi and internal ridge is formed, what is it called?

A

carina

31
Q

The bronchioles are continuations of the bronchi. Fill in the missing words…

Bronchioles have no 1.___ in their structure and instead contain more 2.___ muscle. The bronchioles lead directly into the 3.___, where gas exchange occurs.

A
  1. Cartilage
  2. Smooth
  3. Alveoli
32
Q

What role does the nervous system play in the control of air entry into the bronchi?
hint: SNS, PSNS

A

Control of air entry via the sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight) = bronchodilation. And via the parasympathetic nervous system (rest and digest) = bronchoconstriction.

33
Q

What are alveoli?

A

Alveoli are small hollow cavities that make up most of the lung volume. They act as the sites of gas exchange in the lungs.

34
Q

How do Alveoli maximise gaseous exchange?

hint: 4 ways

A
  1. Alveoli have a large surface area (approx 80m2) created by 250 million alveoli in each lung.
  2. Alveolar walls are very thin (single layered)
  3. Surrounded by many blood capillaries
  4. Alveolar surfaces are moist > gases exchange more easily when in water.
35
Q

In the lungs gas exchange occurs between _____ and _____

A

alveoli and capillaries

36
Q

What are type I alveoli?

A

These are simple epithelial cells, covering 90% of the alveolar surface and are very thin to support gas exchange.

37
Q

What are type II Alveoli?

A

Type II alveoli secrete alveolar fluid that contains pulmonary surfactant.
The fluid allows gases to diffuse through it.

38
Q

What does pulmonary surfactant do?

A

Pulmonary surfactant reduces alveoli surface tension, preventing them from collapsing and reducing the pressure required to re-inflate them.

39
Q

What is surfactant made from and where do they reside?

A

Surfactant is a mixture of lipids and proteins that forms a surface film in alveoli.
The protein part is hydrophilic and resides in the alveolar fluid, whilst the lipid component is hydrophobic and faces the air.

40
Q

Why should attention be paid to lung development in premature babies?

A

Because pulmonary surfactant is not produced until 20-24 weeks gestation.

Biomedicine basics (9 decks)

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