Functional neuroanatomy

Question 1

What myelinates the CNS and PNS?

Answer 1

CNS= oligodendricties

PNS= Schwann cells

Question 2

Describe what is responsible for immune protection of the CNS and PNS?

Answer 2

CNS= microglial cells and immune privelidge (CNS sheilded from rest of immune system)

PNS= same as rest of body

Question 3

What is decussation?

Answer 3

The crossing of neurones so that the right side of the brain controls the left side of the body and visa verca

Question 4

Where does decussation not occur?

Answer 4

The cerebellum

Question 5

What 3 structures make up the brain stem?

Answer 5

The midbrain (blue), pons (red) and medulla (purple)

Question 6

What roles do each of the structures of the midbrain perform?

Answer 6

Midbrain= eye movements, reflex responses to sound and visison

Pons= feeding and sleeping

Medulla= cardiovsular and respiratory centers, also major motor pathway

Question 7

What is the difference between a gyrus, sulcus and fissue?

Answer 7

gyrus= ridges or folds in the brain

Sulci= groves between the gryi

Fissue= large crack or split between adjuacent areas of the brain

Question 8

What structures make up the hindbrain?

Answer 8

The cerebellum, pons and medulla

Question 9

What structures make up the forebrain?

Answer 9

the cerebral hemispheres, thalamus and hypothalamus

Question 10

Name the lobes 4/5 of the brain

Answer 10

Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital lobes + some say cerebellum is a lobe

Question 11

What is the frontal lobe responsible for?

Answer 11

Motor control, higher cognition and speach

Question 12

What is the parietal lobe responsible for?

Answer 12

sensation and proprioception

Question 13

What is the temporal lobe responsible for?

Answer 13

memory, smell and hearing

Question 14

What are the major functions of the cerebellum and occipital lobes?

Answer 14

Cerebellum= coordination

Occipital lobes= vision

Question 15

Describe which parts of the central gyrus control which parts of the body?

Answer 15

From top down:

knee, leg, hip, trunk, head and neck (sensory gyrus only), tunk, shoulders, arm, elbow, hands, neck (motor), browns, eyes, nose, lips, jaw, tongue, pharynx/ swallowing

Question 16

What and where is the uncus?

Answer 16

Its a part of the temporal lobe which lies close to the midbrain and is prone to herniation, affecting the midbrain

Question 17

What is the corpus callosum?

Answer 17

a region of the brain with fibres connecting the two hemispheres together (white matter)

Question 18

What are the vermis and tonsils of the cerebellum?

Answer 18

Vermis= septum in between the two cerebellar hemispheres

Tonsils= notches on the bottom of each hemisphere

Question 19

What are the cerebellar folds called?

Answer 19

folia

Question 20

Give 4 signs of cerebellar injury?

Answer 20

• unsteadiness of limb and intention tremour
• unable to judge distances
• slurred speach
• hypotonia

Question 21

What are the 6 signs of cerebellar injury/ alcohol intoxication (which affects cerebellum function)?

Answer 21

DANISH

D- dysmetia (unable to judge distances) or dysdiakokinesis (unable to perform fast repetative motions)

A- ataxia (unsteadiness of limb)

N- nystagmus (eyes flickering at edge of lateral gaze)

I- Intention tremour

S- slurred speech

H- hypotonia