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Systems Neurobiology > Functional Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Functional Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 main types of processing?

A
  • hierarchical
  • distributive
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2
Q

Describe the hierarchy of signalling in the CNS

A

external pressure is translated to a signal by receptors under the skin which then flows to neurons in the spinal cord and then to the thalamus

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3
Q

What happens in distributive processing?

A

the signal can be split into 2 parts which are processed separately and are eventually put together by the CNS to form a complete picture

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4
Q

What is the difference between hierarchical and distributive processing?

A

if hierarchical processing is interrupted at any point, the whole process is disrupted but interrupting a process at point A in distributive processing will not affect point B

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5
Q

What do the 2 components of the NS include?

A
  • CNS - brain and spinal cord
  • PNS - nerves
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6
Q

What are the 2 nerve classifications?

A
  • afferent - towards the CNS
  • efferent - away from CNS
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7
Q

What are the lowest point of the hierarchy in the CNS?

A

afferents

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8
Q

What are the 3 types of afferent fibres and what is there myelination?

A
  • Aβ; large with high degree of myelination
  • Aδ; myelinated but less than Aβ
  • C; unmyelinated, much thinner
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9
Q

What is conduction velocity?

A

the speed by which the signal is conducted from the periphery to the CNS

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10
Q

What afferent fibre type have the highest conduction velocity?

A

Aβ fibres

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11
Q

What afferent fibre type has the highest frequency in the mammalian body?

A

C fibres

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12
Q

What are mechanoreceptors?

A

receptors that contribute to sensations that arise from mechanical stimuli in the non-painful range e.g. mild pressure

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13
Q

What type of receptor is each of the afferent fibre types?

A
  • Aβ - mechanoreceptor only
  • Aδ - mechanoreceptor and nociceptor
  • C - mostly nociceptor
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14
Q

What is meant by slowly adapting?

A

the receptors fire very robustly when stimulus is applied; activity may decrease but never silence for the duration of the stimulus

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15
Q

What is meant by rapidly adapting?

A

the receptors respond when initial stimulus is applied (first AP) then silence until the stimulus is removed (second AP)

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16
Q

Give an example of a mechanoreceptor

A

Pacinian corpuscle

17
Q

What do nerve endings of mechanoreceptors generally have?

A

a specialised coating

18
Q

What are the nerve endings of nociceptors generally?

A

free nerve endings embedded in the skin without any specialised coating

19
Q

What does loss of Aβ fibres lead to?

A

loss of response to non-painful stimulus

20
Q

What does loss of Aδ/C fibres lead to?

A

insensitivity to both superficial and deep painful stimuli

21
Q

What do individuals with CIPA have loss of?

A

NGF-dependent C/ Aδ fibres due to LOF mutations in the NTRK1 gene

22
Q

What are the 2 main subtypes of C fibres?

A

peptidergic and non-peptidergic

23
Q

What do peptidergic fibres contain?

A

TRP (transient receptor potential proteins)

24
Q

What do 90% of non-peptidergic fibres contain?

A

Mrgprd (mas-related GPCR D) and bind isolectin B4

25
Q

Why can peptidergic and non-peptidergic fibres be destroyed separately?

A

the terminal of the 2 fibre types is separated in the spinal cord

26
Q

What can destroy TRP+ fibres?

A

capsaicin

27
Q

What stimuli are Mrgprd and TRP+ fibres responsible for respectively?

A
  • Mrgprd - mechanical
  • TRP+ - thermal
28
Q

What are Pacinian corpuscles?

A

myelinated nerve endings covered in connective tissue embedded in the skin

29
Q

What is the trigger zone?

A

the site where APs are generated which then travel along the fibre all the way to the spinal cord

30
Q

What are the 3 steps of signal generation and relay to the CNS?

A
  1. receptors transduce external stimuli to an electrical change
  2. electrical change is depolarising in nature and leads to an AP
  3. AP is relayed to CNS and processed leading to sensation
31
Q

What is the cellular basis of depolarisation?

A

an external stimulus typically evokes an inward current carried by cations that depolarise the membrane

32
Q

What is the best technique to investigate the cellular basis of depolarisation?

A

patch clamp technology

33
Q

What can electrical changes be?

A

voltage changes, depolarisation or hyperpolarisation

34
Q

When are TRP channels activated?

A

at temperatures above 45º to sense temperature and pain

35
Q

What does opening of TRP channels do?

A

depolarise nociceptors

36
Q

When is there complete loss of sensation via TRP channels?

A

when all types are absent

37
Q

What is the highest part of the hierarchy in the CNS?

A

the cortex

38
Q

What are the 3 somatosensory areas of the cortex with increasing complexity?

A
  • primary somatosensory cortex
  • somatosensory and posterior parietal complex
  • association complex

Systems Neurobiology (11 decks)

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